Abstract
Evaluation on the effect of organic biostimulants application on the performance of spinach was experimented. The organic biostimulants such as panchagavya and jeevamrutha prepared at the farm with products of native cattle breed of India, Gir was used for application. The treatments are T1: Without nutrients, T2: Recommended dose of nutrients, T3: 100 % recommended dose of nutrients + Nano urea spray, T4: 75% recommended dose of nutrients + Nano urea spray, T5: 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Panchagavya spray, T6: 75% recommended dose of nutrients + Panchagavya spray, T7: 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spray, T8: 75% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spray and replicated thrice in randomized block design. The data observed for the first and ratoon crop of spinach were interpreted for obtaining conclusions. The results indicated that maximum increase in growth parameters in first crop and ratoon crops of spinach such as plant height, leaf length, leaf breadth, number of leaves per plant, were obtained with the application of 100%RDF + Jeevamrutha spray (T7). Shoot base diameter of spinach was not influenced by the application of nutrients. The root shoot ratio was found higher with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spray (T7), but on par with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Panchagavya spray (T5) followed by the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Nano urea spray (T3) at first harvest and ratoon harvest. The physiological parameters such as leaf volume, leaf density, specific leaf area, leaf thickness, leaf area, relative water content and leaf weight were enhanced with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spray. The maximum shoot weight of 880.91 and 764.44 g, shoot dry weight (413.01 g and 370.52 g), root fresh weight (29.42 g and 25.08 g) and root dry weight (6.20g and 6.22 g) was obtained with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spray (T7) but on par with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Panchagavya spray (T5) followed by the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Nano urea spray (T3) at first harvest and ratoon harvest od spinach respectively. The increase in yield per hectare is the maximum with T7 resulting an increase by 122 % and 105% during the harvest of first and ratoon crop of spinach. The increase in percentage of nitrogen content was 20.61 during both the harvests, phosphorous was 26.31 and 19.64 percent and the potassium content was 17.08 and 19.0 % with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients along with Jeevamrutha spray (T7) was compared to control during the first and ratoon harvests respectively. However, the quantity of nitrate accumulated increased with the application of recommended dose of nutrients along with the application of stimulants such as nano urea, panchagavya and jeevamrutha over the reduced quantity of nutrients and stimulants but found within the permissible limits.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Jeevamrutha with 100%RDF maximized height, leaf length and leaf breadth in both crops.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceae0 - Treatment
- 100%RDF + Jeevamrutha spray (T7)e0
- Outcome
- plant height, leaf length, leaf breadthe0
- Direction
- maximum increasee0
- Qualifier
- first crop and ratoon cropse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum increase in growth parameters in first crop and ratoon crops of spinach such as plant height, leaf length, leaf breadth, number of leaves per plant, were obtained with the application of 100%RDF + Jeevamrutha spray (T7)”
Claim · model-written summary
Jeevamrutha with 100%RDF maximized leaves per plant in both crops.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- 100%RDF + Jeevamrutha spray (T7)e0
- Outcome
- number of leaves per plante0
- Direction
- maximum increasee0
- Qualifier
- first crop and ratoon cropse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximum increase in growth parameters in first crop and ratoon crops of spinach such as plant height, leaf length, leaf breadth, number of leaves per plant, were obtained with the application of 100%RDF + Jeevamrutha spray (T7)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient application did not influence shoot base diameter.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- application of nutrientse0
- Outcome
- Shoot base diametere0
- Direction
- not influencede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot base diameter of spinach was not influenced by the application of nutrients.”
Claim · model-written summary
Root shoot ratio was higher under T7, on par with T5 and followed by T3 at both harvests.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spray (T7)e0
- Outcome
- root shoot ratioe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- on par with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Panchagavya spray (T5) followed by the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Nano urea spray (T3) at first harvest and ratoon harveste0
- Comparator
- 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Panchagavya spray (T5)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root shoot ratio was found higher with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spray (T7), but on par with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Panchagavya spray (T5) followed by the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Nano urea spray (T3) at first harvest and ratoon harvest.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 enhanced leaf volume, leaf density and specific leaf area.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spraye0
- Outcome
- leaf volume, leaf density, specific leaf areae0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The physiological parameters such as leaf volume, leaf density, specific leaf area, leaf thickness, leaf area, relative water content and leaf weight were enhanced with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spray.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 enhanced leaf thickness, leaf area and relative water content.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spraye0
- Outcome
- leaf thickness, leaf area, relative water contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf thickness, leaf area, relative water content and leaf weight were enhanced with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spray.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 enhanced leaf weight.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spraye0
- Outcome
- leaf weighte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf weight were enhanced with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spray.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 produced maximum shoot weights of 880.91 and 764.44 g at first and ratoon harvests, on par with T5 and followed by T3.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spray (T7)e0
- Outcome
- shoot weighte0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 880.91 and 764.44 ge0
- Qualifier
- on par with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Panchagavya spray (T5) followed by the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Nano urea spray (T3) at first harvest and ratoon harveste0
- Comparator
- 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Panchagavya spray (T5)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum shoot weight of 880.91 and 764.44 g, shoot dry weight (413.01 g and 370.52 g), root fresh weight (29.42 g and 25.08 g) and root dry weight (6.20g and 6.22 g) was obtained with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spray (T7) but on par with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Panchagavya spray (T5) followed by the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Nano urea spray (T3) at first harvest and ratoon harvest od spinach respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 produced maximum shoot dry weights of 413.01 g and 370.52 g at successive harvests.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spray (T7)e0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 413.01 g and 370.52 ge0
- Qualifier
- on par with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Panchagavya spray (T5) followed by the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Nano urea spray (T3) at first harvest and ratoon harveste0
- Comparator
- 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Panchagavya spray (T5)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum shoot weight of 880.91 and 764.44 g, shoot dry weight (413.01 g and 370.52 g), root fresh weight (29.42 g and 25.08 g) and root dry weight (6.20g and 6.22 g) was obtained with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spray (T7) but on par with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Panchagavya spray (T5) followed by the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Nano urea spray (T3) at first harvest and ratoon harvest od spinach respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 produced maximum root fresh weights of 29.42 g and 25.08 g at successive harvests.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spray (T7)e0
- Outcome
- root fresh weighte0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 29.42 g and 25.08 ge0
- Qualifier
- on par with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Panchagavya spray (T5) followed by the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Nano urea spray (T3) at first harvest and ratoon harveste0
- Comparator
- 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Panchagavya spray (T5)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum shoot weight of 880.91 and 764.44 g, shoot dry weight (413.01 g and 370.52 g), root fresh weight (29.42 g and 25.08 g) and root dry weight (6.20g and 6.22 g) was obtained with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spray (T7) but on par with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Panchagavya spray (T5) followed by the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Nano urea spray (T3) at first harvest and ratoon harvest od spinach respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 produced maximum root dry weights of 6.20g and 6.22 g at successive harvests.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spray (T7)e0
- Outcome
- root dry weighte0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 6.20g and 6.22 ge0
- Qualifier
- on par with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Panchagavya spray (T5) followed by the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Nano urea spray (T3) at first harvest and ratoon harveste0
- Comparator
- 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Panchagavya spray (T5)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum shoot weight of 880.91 and 764.44 g, shoot dry weight (413.01 g and 370.52 g), root fresh weight (29.42 g and 25.08 g) and root dry weight (6.20g and 6.22 g) was obtained with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spray (T7) but on par with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Panchagavya spray (T5) followed by the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Nano urea spray (T3) at first harvest and ratoon harvest od spinach respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 maximized yield increases at 122 % and 105% for first and ratoon crops.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae0
- Treatment
- 100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spray (T7)e1
- Outcome
- yield per hectaree0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 122 % and 105%e0
- Qualifier
- first and ratoon crope0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase in yield per hectare is the maximum with T7 resulting an increase by 122 % and 105% during the harvest of first and ratoon crop of spinach.”
e1“100% recommended dose of nutrients + Jeevamrutha spray (T7), but on par”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 increased nitrogen content by 20.61 in both harvests compared with control.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 100% recommended dose of nutrients along with Jeevamrutha spray (T7)e0
- Outcome
- percentage of nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 20.61e0
- Qualifier
- during both the harvestse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase in percentage of nitrogen content was 20.61 during both the harvests, phosphorous was 26.31 and 19.64 percent and the potassium content was 17.08 and 19.0 % with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients along with Jeevamrutha spray (T7) was compared to control during the first and ratoon harvests respectively.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 increased phosphorous content by 26.31 and 19.64 percent in first and ratoon harvests versus control.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 100% recommended dose of nutrients along with Jeevamrutha spray (T7)e0
- Outcome
- phosphorouse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 26.31 and 19.64 percente0
- Qualifier
- first and ratoon harvestse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase in percentage of nitrogen content was 20.61 during both the harvests, phosphorous was 26.31 and 19.64 percent and the potassium content was 17.08 and 19.0 % with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients along with Jeevamrutha spray (T7) was compared to control during the first and ratoon harvests respectively.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
T7 increased potassium content by 17.08 and 19.0 % in successive harvests versus control.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- 100% recommended dose of nutrients along with Jeevamrutha spray (T7)e0
- Outcome
- potassium contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 17.08 and 19.0 %e0
- Qualifier
- first and ratoon harvestse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The increase in percentage of nitrogen content was 20.61 during both the harvests, phosphorous was 26.31 and 19.64 percent and the potassium content was 17.08 and 19.0 % with the application of 100% recommended dose of nutrients along with Jeevamrutha spray (T7) was compared to control during the first and ratoon harvests respectively.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended nutrients with nano urea increased nitrate accumulation relative to reduced nutrients and stimulants, within permissible limits.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- nano ureae0
- Outcome
- quantity of nitrate accumulatede0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- within the permissible limitse0
- Comparator
- reduced quantity of nutrients and stimulantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the quantity of nitrate accumulated increased with the application of recommended dose of nutrients along with the application of stimulants such as nano urea, panchagavya and jeevamrutha over the reduced quantity of nutrients and stimulants but found within the permissible limits.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended nutrients with panchagavya increased nitrate accumulation relative to reduced nutrients and stimulants, within permissible limits.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- panchagavyae0
- Outcome
- quantity of nitrate accumulatede0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- within the permissible limitse0
- Comparator
- reduced quantity of nutrients and stimulantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the quantity of nitrate accumulated increased with the application of recommended dose of nutrients along with the application of stimulants such as nano urea, panchagavya and jeevamrutha over the reduced quantity of nutrients and stimulants but found within the permissible limits.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended nutrients with jeevamrutha increased nitrate accumulation relative to reduced nutrients and stimulants, within permissible limits.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- jeevamruthae0
- Outcome
- quantity of nitrate accumulatede0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- within the permissible limitse0
- Comparator
- reduced quantity of nutrients and stimulantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the quantity of nitrate accumulated increased with the application of recommended dose of nutrients along with the application of stimulants such as nano urea, panchagavya and jeevamrutha over the reduced quantity of nutrients and stimulants but found within the permissible limits.”
t0“spinach”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.