Abstract
Foliar fertilization presents a potential solution in alleviating oxidative stress triggered by herbicide exposure. Enhancing our comprehension of the interplay between foliar fertilization, oxidative stress, and herbicide application is pivotal for enhancing crop yield. Carfentrazone, a herbicide, prompts the buildup of reactive oxygen species, leading to detrimental effects on cell membranes and the manifestation of chlorotic spots on leaves. This research administered carfentrazone-ethyl to soybean, maize, and cotton to induce stress. The herbicide application was followed by foliar application of phosphorus (H3PO4) to evaluate its effect on phytotoxicity recovery. The evaluations included leaf nutritional analyses, gas exchange measurements (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, substomatal CO2 concentration, and Leaf transpiration), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), oxidative stress indicators (MDA, H2O2, SOD, CAT and APX), and productivity parameters (height, number of branches, pods, grains, 100-grain weight, and yield), in addition to the activity of the enzyme Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), which is crucial for carbon fixation and the photosynthetic efficiency of plants. Phosphorus (P) improved chlorophyll levels by up to 28.8% and Rubisco activity by up to 24.8%, leading to increases in the net photosynthetic rate by up to 40.2%, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and carboxylation. In addition, foliar P fertilization enhanced antioxidant metabolism, with reductions in markers of oxidative stress (H2O2 and MDA) by up to 39.1%. Collectively, these effects of foliar P fertilization increased the productivity of the three crops by up to 55.9%, indicating that foliar supplementation with P is an effective strategy to mitigate phytotoxicity symptoms.. In soybeans at the V4 and V6 stages, it has been shown to improve net photosynthesis, enhance Rubisco activity, and reduce oxidative stress. In maize, the V4 stage proved to be more effective, increasing Rubisco activity and improving productivity. For cotton, the B1 stage was more beneficial, resulting in increased boll weight and fiber yield. This study introduces an innovative approach of foliar P-supplementation to mitigate herbicide-induced oxidative stress in crops. This management strategy enhances crop resilience, improves yield stability, and provides a sustainable solution to a critical challenge in modern agriculture.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar phosphorus improved chlorophyll levels by up to 28.8%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorus (P) improved chlorophyll levels by up to 28.8%”
e1“Collectively, these effects of foliar P fertilization increased the productivity of the three crops by up to 55.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar phosphorus improved Rubisco activity by up to 24.8%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorus (P) improved chlorophyll levels by up to 28.8% and Rubisco activity by up to 24.8%”
e1“Collectively, these effects of foliar P fertilization increased the productivity of the three crops by up to 55.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar phosphorus increased net photosynthetic rate by up to 40.2%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“leading to increases in the net photosynthetic rate by up to 40.2%”
e1“Collectively, these effects of foliar P fertilization increased the productivity of the three crops by up to 55.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar phosphorus increased stomatal conductance, water use efficiency and carboxylation.
- Treatment
- foliar P fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and carboxylatione0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“leading to increases in the net photosynthetic rate by up to 40.2%, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and carboxylation”
e1“Collectively, these effects of foliar P fertilization increased the productivity of the three crops by up to 55.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar phosphorus enhanced antioxidant metabolism.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“foliar P fertilization enhanced antioxidant metabolism”
e1“Collectively, these effects of foliar P fertilization increased the productivity of the three crops by up to 55.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar phosphorus reduced H2O2 and MDA markers of oxidative stress by up to 39.1%.
- Treatment
- foliar P fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- markers of oxidative stress (H2O2 and MDA)e0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 39.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“foliar P fertilization enhanced antioxidant metabolism, with reductions in markers of oxidative stress (H2O2 and MDA) by up to 39.1%”
e1“Collectively, these effects of foliar P fertilization increased the productivity of the three crops by up to 55.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar phosphorus increased productivity of the three crops by up to 55.9%.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“foliar P fertilization increased the productivity of the three crops by up to 55.9%”
e1“Collectively, these effects of foliar P fertilization increased the productivity of the three crops by up to 55.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar phosphorus improved net photosynthesis in soybeans at V4 and V6.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Organ / stage
- V4 and V6 stagese0
- Treatment
- foliar P fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- net photosynthesise0
- Direction
- improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybeans at the V4 and V6 stages, it has been shown to improve net photosynthesis, enhance Rubisco activity, and reduce oxidative stress.”
t0“soybean”
e1“foliar P fertilization increased the productivity of the three crops by up to 55.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar phosphorus enhanced Rubisco activity in soybeans at V4 and V6.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- V4 and V6 stagese0
- Treatment
- foliar P fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- Rubisco activitye0
- Direction
- enhancee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybeans at the V4 and V6 stages, it has been shown to improve net photosynthesis, enhance Rubisco activity, and reduce oxidative stress.”
t0“soybean”
e1“foliar P fertilization increased the productivity of the three crops by up to 55.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar phosphorus reduced oxidative stress in soybeans at V4 and V6.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- V4 and V6 stagese0
- Treatment
- foliar P fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- oxidative stresse0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In soybeans at the V4 and V6 stages, it has been shown to improve net photosynthesis, enhance Rubisco activity, and reduce oxidative stress.”
t0“soybean”
e1“foliar P fertilization increased the productivity of the three crops by up to 55.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
At V4 in maize, foliar phosphorus increased Rubisco activity.
- Organ / stage
- V4 stagee0
- Treatment
- foliar P fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- Rubisco activitye0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In maize, the V4 stage proved to be more effective, increasing Rubisco activity and improving productivity.”
e1“foliar P fertilization increased the productivity of the three crops by up to 55.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
At V4 in maize, foliar phosphorus improved productivity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In maize, the V4 stage proved to be more effective, increasing Rubisco activity and improving productivity.”
e1“foliar P fertilization increased the productivity of the three crops by up to 55.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
At B1 in cotton, foliar phosphorus increased boll weight.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Organ / stage
- B1 stagee0
- Treatment
- foliar P fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- boll weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For cotton, the B1 stage was more beneficial, resulting in increased boll weight and fiber yield.”
e1“foliar P fertilization increased the productivity of the three crops by up to 55.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
At B1 in cotton, foliar phosphorus increased fiber yield.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Organ / stage
- B1 stagee0
- Treatment
- foliar P fertilizatione1
- Outcome
- fiber yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For cotton, the B1 stage was more beneficial, resulting in increased boll weight and fiber yield.”
e1“foliar P fertilization increased the productivity of the three crops by up to 55.9%”
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See all 283 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.