Abstract
In this work, the injuries caused by clethodim herbicide application as well as the use of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) as a protective agent against clethodim in Zea mays leaves were examined. Although the target for clethodim is the inhibition of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) which is the key enzyme for fatty acid biosynthesis, it can indirectly affect the photosynthetic machinery, gaseous exchange and some biochemical parameters. Clethodim application caused chlorosis and yellowing of leaf-tip parts. Higher doses caused browning or reddening of leaves and sometimes dead parts of the leaf margins were observed. The rate of photosynthesis was significantly lowered and the pigments content was highly reduced as a response to clethodim spraying. Moreover, other gas-exchange properties were altered. Furthermore, accumulation of high amounts of carbohydrates, proteins and proline were detected. SA spraying three days prior clethodim application caused partially or totally disappearance of clethodim injuries and kept the leaves similar to those of control. Improved photosynthesis and enhanced pigments content were observed in leaves treated with SA. Other analyzed parameters showed values similar to those of the corresponding control. From the experimental work, an evidenced role of SA working against clethodim effects was suggested and discussed in this paper.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Clethodim application caused chlorosis and yellowing of maize leaf-tip parts.
Zea maysNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Zea mays leaves”
e2“Clethodim application caused chlorosis and yellowing of leaf-tip parts”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher clethodim doses caused browning or reddening of maize leaves.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Zea mays leaves”
e3“Higher doses caused browning or reddening of leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Clethodim spraying significantly lowered the rate of photosynthesis in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Zea mays leaves”
e4“The rate of photosynthesis was significantly lowered”
e5“as a response to clethodim spraying”
Claim · model-written summary
Clethodim spraying highly reduced the pigments content of maize leaves.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Zea mays leaves”
e5“as a response to clethodim spraying”
e6“the pigments content was highly reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Clethodim application altered other gas-exchange properties of maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Zea mays leaves”
e2“Clethodim application caused chlorosis and yellowing of leaf-tip parts”
e7“Moreover, other gas-exchange properties were altered”
Claim · model-written summary
Clethodim application led to detected accumulation of high amounts of carbohydrates, proteins and proline in maize.
- Treatment
- Clethodim applicatione2
- Outcome
- accumulation of high amounts of carbohydrates, proteins and prolinee3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Zea mays leaves”
e2“Clethodim application caused chlorosis and yellowing of leaf-tip parts”
e3“accumulation of high amounts of carbohydrates, proteins and proline were detected”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid spraying before clethodim application removed clethodim injuries in maize.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Zea mays leaves”
e3“SA spraying three days prior clethodim application caused partially or totally disappearance of clethodim injuries”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid spraying kept maize leaves similar to the control under clethodim.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Zea mays leaves”
e3“SA spraying three days prior clethodim application caused partially or totally disappearance of clethodim injuries”
e4“kept the leaves similar to those of control”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid improved photosynthesis in maize leaves treated with clethodim.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Zea mays leaves”
e5“Improved photosynthesis and enhanced pigments content were observed in leaves treated with SA”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid enhanced the pigments content of maize leaves treated with clethodim.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Zea mays leaves”
e5“Improved photosynthesis and enhanced pigments content were observed in leaves treated with SA”
Claim · model-written summary
Other analyzed parameters of maize had values similar to the corresponding control.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Zea mays leaves”
e3“Other analyzed parameters showed values similar to those of the corresponding control”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid was suggested to work against clethodim effects in maize.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Zea mays leaves”
e3“an evidenced role of SA working against clethodim effects was suggested”
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