Abstract
Abstract Long-term application of chemical fertilizers has negative impacts on soil health, crop productivity, and ecosystems. Hence, organic substrates have been proposed as alternatives for enhancing soil health and plant growth parameters. Among them, vermicompost and vermiwash are widely used in the sustainable agriculture sector to enhance plant growth, yield, and soil fertility. Hence, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of vermiwash and vermicompost on the growth of Raphanus sativus L. Pot culture experiments were conducted in four groups which included: group A) control soil (10 kg pot −1 ), group B) soil (8.5 kg pot −1 ) + vermicompost (1.5 kg pot −1 ), group C) soil (10 kg pot −1 ) + vermiwash (1.5 L pot −1 ), and group D) soil (8.5 kg pot −1 ) + vermicompost (1.5 kg pot −1 ) + vermiwash (1.5 L pot −1 ), respectively. The results revealed that the plants treated with vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D) had significantly enhanced the growth of the plants with higher germination percentage (100%), number of leaves (32.08%), length of leaves (56.35%), width of leaves (28.05), area of leaves (100.22%), shoot length of plant (78.02%), chlorophyll concentration (42.72%), leaf relative water content (13.30%), fresh weight (65.61%), dry weight of leaves (57.59), and tuber yield (74.96%) when compared to plants under groups A, B, and C. Furthermore, the application of the vermiwash and vermicompost combination improved the soil's physicochemical properties, increased glycine betaine concentrations, and decreased proline accumulation. Hence, this study suggests that vermicompost and vermiwash may be a potential source of plant nutrients for sustainable crop production.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Combined vermiwash and vermicompost significantly enhanced radish germination percentage to 100% relative to groups A, B and C.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L.
Raphanus sativust0 - Treatment
- vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D)e0
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Comparator
- groups A, B, and Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants treated with vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D) had significantly enhanced the growth of the plants with higher germination percentage (100%)”
e1“when compared to plants under groups A, B, and C.”
t0“Raphanus sativus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment significantly increased radish leaf number by 32.08% versus groups A, B and C.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L.Raphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D)e0
- Outcome
- number of leavese1
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 32.08%e1
- Comparator
- groups A, B, and Ce2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants treated with vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D) had significantly enhanced the growth of the plants with higher”
e1“number of leaves (32.08%)”
e2“when compared to plants under groups A, B, and C.”
t0“Raphanus sativus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment significantly increased radish leaf length by 56.35% versus groups A, B and C.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L.Raphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D)e0
- Outcome
- length of leavese1
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 56.35%e1
- Comparator
- groups A, B, and Ce2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants treated with vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D) had significantly enhanced the growth of the plants with higher”
e1“length of leaves (56.35%)”
e2“when compared to plants under groups A, B, and C.”
t0“Raphanus sativus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment significantly enhanced radish leaf width, reported as 28.05, versus groups A, B and C.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L.Raphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D)e0
- Outcome
- width of leavese1
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 28.05e1
- Comparator
- groups A, B, and Ce2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants treated with vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D) had significantly enhanced the growth of the plants with higher”
e1“width of leaves (28.05)”
e2“when compared to plants under groups A, B, and C.”
t0“Raphanus sativus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment significantly increased radish leaf area by 100.22% versus groups A, B and C.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L.Raphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D)e0
- Outcome
- area of leavese1
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 100.22%e1
- Comparator
- groups A, B, and Ce2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants treated with vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D) had significantly enhanced the growth of the plants with higher”
e1“area of leaves (100.22%)”
e2“when compared to plants under groups A, B, and C.”
t0“Raphanus sativus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment significantly increased radish shoot length by 78.02% versus groups A, B and C.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L.Raphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D)e0
- Outcome
- shoot length of plante1
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 78.02%e1
- Comparator
- groups A, B, and Ce2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants treated with vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D) had significantly enhanced the growth of the plants with higher”
e1“shoot length of plant (78.02%)”
e2“when compared to plants under groups A, B, and C.”
t0“Raphanus sativus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment significantly increased radish chlorophyll concentration by 42.72% versus groups A, B and C.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L.Raphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D)e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll concentratione1
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 42.72%e1
- Comparator
- groups A, B, and Ce2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants treated with vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D) had significantly enhanced the growth of the plants with higher”
e1“chlorophyll concentration (42.72%)”
e2“when compared to plants under groups A, B, and C.”
t0“Raphanus sativus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment significantly increased radish leaf relative water content by 13.30% versus groups A, B and C.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L.Raphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D)e0
- Outcome
- leaf relative water contente1
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 13.30%e1
- Comparator
- groups A, B, and Ce2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants treated with vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D) had significantly enhanced the growth of the plants with higher”
e1“leaf relative water content (13.30%)”
e2“when compared to plants under groups A, B, and C.”
t0“Raphanus sativus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment significantly increased radish fresh weight by 65.61% versus groups A, B and C.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L.Raphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D)e0
- Outcome
- fresh weighte1
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 65.61%e1
- Comparator
- groups A, B, and Ce2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants treated with vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D) had significantly enhanced the growth of the plants with higher”
e1“fresh weight (65.61%)”
e2“when compared to plants under groups A, B, and C.”
t0“Raphanus sativus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment significantly enhanced radish leaf dry weight, reported as 57.59, versus groups A, B and C.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L.Raphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D)e0
- Outcome
- dry weight of leavese1
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 57.59e1
- Comparator
- groups A, B, and Ce2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants treated with vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D) had significantly enhanced the growth of the plants with higher”
e1“dry weight of leaves (57.59)”
e2“when compared to plants under groups A, B, and C.”
t0“Raphanus sativus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment significantly increased radish tuber yield by 74.96% versus groups A, B and C.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L.Raphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D)e0
- Outcome
- tuber yielde1
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 74.96%e1
- Comparator
- groups A, B, and Ce2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants treated with vermiwash and vermicompost (Group D) had significantly enhanced the growth of the plants with higher”
e1“tuber yield (74.96%)”
e2“when compared to plants under groups A, B, and C.”
t0“Raphanus sativus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined vermiwash and vermicompost improved soil physicochemical properties.
- Treatment
- vermiwash and vermicompost combinatione0
- Outcome
- soil's physicochemical propertiese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“the application of the vermiwash and vermicompost combination improved the soil's physicochemical properties, increased glycine betaine concentrations, and decreased proline accumulation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined vermiwash and vermicompost increased radish glycine betaine concentrations.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L.Raphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- vermiwash and vermicompost combinatione0
- Outcome
- glycine betaine concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of the vermiwash and vermicompost combination improved the soil's physicochemical properties, increased glycine betaine concentrations, and decreased proline accumulation.”
t0“Raphanus sativus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined vermiwash and vermicompost decreased radish proline accumulation.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L.Raphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- vermiwash and vermicompost combinatione0
- Outcome
- proline accumulatione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of the vermiwash and vermicompost combination improved the soil's physicochemical properties, increased glycine betaine concentrations, and decreased proline accumulation.”
t0“Raphanus sativus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost and vermiwash may provide plant nutrients for sustainable radish production.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus L.Raphanus sativust0
- Outcome
- vermicompost and vermiwashe0
- Qualifier
- may be a potential source of plant nutrients for sustainable crop productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this study suggests that vermicompost and vermiwash may be a potential source of plant nutrients for sustainable crop production.”
t0“Raphanus sativus L.”
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