Abstract
Stem rot of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused by Scelrotium rolfsii is the main threat to groundnut production, causing significant economic losses. The present study aims to provide an overview of the potentiality of Trichoderma viride (Tv), Trichoderma harzianum (Th), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf), and Bacillus subtilis (Bs), applied either individually or in mixed combination, against Sclerotium rolfsii (isolate SrBKN). The treatment with T. harzianum and P. fluorescens resulted in the highest mycelial growth inhibition (79.61, 83.51, and 86.77%), followed by T. viride and P. fluorescens (75.74, 79.63, and 83.14%). Under in vitro conditions, the combination of bio-agents at 5% culture filtrate proved to be superior against the test pathogen. Seed treatment and soil application of T. harzianum and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, followed by seed treatment and soil application of T. viride and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, resulted in the lowest disease incidence (7.40 and 8.0%), highest disease control (69.37 and 66.88%), maximum dry weight (151 and 147 g plant−1), highest increase in dry weight (75.58 and 70.93), highest pod yield (2665 and 2498 kg ha−1), and highest increase in pod yield (96.38 and 84.08%) under in vivo conditions. We present an effective bio-control-based management module from the lab to the field for the successful control of groundnut stem rot caused by S. rolfsii. Based on the results, it is concluded that the dual formulation of T. harzianum and P. fluorescens, followed by T. viride and P. fluorescens, were the most effective BCAs in suppressing the S. rolfsii. Therefore, an integrated disease management module with these BCAs needs to be developed and validated with a farmers’ participatory mode under field conditions.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum and P. fluorescens inhibited pathogen mycelial growth at 79.61, 83.51, and 86.77%.
- Taxon
- Groundnut
Arachis hypogaeat0 - Treatment
- T. harzianum and P. fluorescense0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium rolfsii
Agroathelia rolfsiit0pathogen - Outcome
- mycelial growth inhibitione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 79.61, 83.51, and 86.77%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatment with T. harzianum and P. fluorescens resulted in the highest mycelial growth inhibition (79.61, 83.51, and 86.77%), followed by T. viride and P. fluorescens (75.74, 79.63, and 83.14%).”
t0“Groundnut Induced by Sclerotium rolfsii”
Claim · model-written summary
T. viride and P. fluorescens inhibited pathogen mycelial growth at 75.74, 79.63, and 83.14%.
- Taxon
- GroundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- T. viride and P. fluorescense0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium rolfsiiAgroathelia rolfsiit0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth inhibitione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 75.74, 79.63, and 83.14%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatment with T. harzianum and P. fluorescens resulted in the highest mycelial growth inhibition (79.61, 83.51, and 86.77%), followed by T. viride and P. fluorescens (75.74, 79.63, and 83.14%).”
t0“Groundnut Induced by Sclerotium rolfsii”
Claim · model-written summary
A 5% culture-filtrate combination of bioagents was superior against the test pathogen in vitro.
- Taxon
- GroundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- combination of bio-agents at 5% culture filtratee0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium rolfsiiAgroathelia rolfsiit0pathogen
- Outcome
- superiore0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Setting
- in vitro conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under in vitro conditions, the combination of bio-agents at 5% culture filtrate proved to be superior against the test pathogen.”
t0“Groundnut Induced by Sclerotium rolfsii”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum/Pf treatment produced lowest disease incidence at 7.40.
- Taxon
- GroundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment and soil application of T. harzianum and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1e0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium rolfsiiAgroathelia rolfsiit0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 7.40e0
- Qualifier
- Pfe0
- Setting
- in vivo conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment and soil application of T. harzianum and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, followed by seed treatment and soil application of T. viride and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, resulted in the lowest disease incidence (7.40 and 8.0%), highest disease control (69.37 and 66.88%), maximum dry weight (151 and 147 g plant−1), highest increase in dry weight (75.58 and 70.93), highest pod yield (2665 and 2498 kg ha−1), and highest increase in pod yield (96.38 and 84.08%) under in vivo conditions.”
t0“Groundnut Induced by Sclerotium rolfsii”
Claim · model-written summary
T. viride/Pf treatment produced lowest disease incidence at 8.0%.
- Taxon
- GroundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- seed treatment and soil application of T. viride and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1e0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium rolfsiiAgroathelia rolfsiit0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. viride
Trichoderma viridee0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 8.0%e0
- Qualifier
- Pfe0
- Setting
- in vivo conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment and soil application of T. harzianum and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, followed by seed treatment and soil application of T. viride and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, resulted in the lowest disease incidence (7.40 and 8.0%), highest disease control (69.37 and 66.88%), maximum dry weight (151 and 147 g plant−1), highest increase in dry weight (75.58 and 70.93), highest pod yield (2665 and 2498 kg ha−1), and highest increase in pod yield (96.38 and 84.08%) under in vivo conditions.”
t0“Groundnut Induced by Sclerotium rolfsii”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum/Pf treatment produced highest disease control at 69.37.
- Taxon
- GroundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment and soil application of T. harzianum and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1e0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium rolfsiiAgroathelia rolfsiit0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease controle0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 69.37e0
- Qualifier
- Pfe0
- Setting
- in vivo conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment and soil application of T. harzianum and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, followed by seed treatment and soil application of T. viride and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, resulted in the lowest disease incidence (7.40 and 8.0%), highest disease control (69.37 and 66.88%), maximum dry weight (151 and 147 g plant−1), highest increase in dry weight (75.58 and 70.93), highest pod yield (2665 and 2498 kg ha−1), and highest increase in pod yield (96.38 and 84.08%) under in vivo conditions.”
t0“Groundnut Induced by Sclerotium rolfsii”
Claim · model-written summary
T. viride/Pf treatment produced highest disease control at 66.88%.
- Taxon
- GroundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- seed treatment and soil application of T. viride and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1e0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium rolfsiiAgroathelia rolfsiit0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. virideTrichoderma viridee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- disease controle0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 66.88%e0
- Qualifier
- Pfe0
- Setting
- in vivo conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment and soil application of T. harzianum and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, followed by seed treatment and soil application of T. viride and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, resulted in the lowest disease incidence (7.40 and 8.0%), highest disease control (69.37 and 66.88%), maximum dry weight (151 and 147 g plant−1), highest increase in dry weight (75.58 and 70.93), highest pod yield (2665 and 2498 kg ha−1), and highest increase in pod yield (96.38 and 84.08%) under in vivo conditions.”
t0“Groundnut Induced by Sclerotium rolfsii”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum/Pf treatment produced maximum dry weight at 151.
- Taxon
- GroundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment and soil application of T. harzianum and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1e0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium rolfsiiAgroathelia rolfsiit0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 151e0
- Qualifier
- Pfe0
- Setting
- in vivo conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment and soil application of T. harzianum and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, followed by seed treatment and soil application of T. viride and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, resulted in the lowest disease incidence (7.40 and 8.0%), highest disease control (69.37 and 66.88%), maximum dry weight (151 and 147 g plant−1), highest increase in dry weight (75.58 and 70.93), highest pod yield (2665 and 2498 kg ha−1), and highest increase in pod yield (96.38 and 84.08%) under in vivo conditions.”
t0“Groundnut Induced by Sclerotium rolfsii”
Claim · model-written summary
T. viride/Pf treatment produced maximum dry weight at 147 g plant−1.
- Taxon
- GroundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- seed treatment and soil application of T. viride and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1e0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium rolfsiiAgroathelia rolfsiit0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. virideTrichoderma viridee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 147 g plant−1e0
- Qualifier
- Pfe0
- Setting
- in vivo conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment and soil application of T. harzianum and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, followed by seed treatment and soil application of T. viride and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, resulted in the lowest disease incidence (7.40 and 8.0%), highest disease control (69.37 and 66.88%), maximum dry weight (151 and 147 g plant−1), highest increase in dry weight (75.58 and 70.93), highest pod yield (2665 and 2498 kg ha−1), and highest increase in pod yield (96.38 and 84.08%) under in vivo conditions.”
t0“Groundnut Induced by Sclerotium rolfsii”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum/Pf treatment produced highest increase increase in dry weight at 75.58.
- Taxon
- GroundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment and soil application of T. harzianum and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1e0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium rolfsiiAgroathelia rolfsiit0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- increase in dry weighte0
- Direction
- highest increasee0
- Value
- 75.58e0
- Qualifier
- Pfe0
- Setting
- in vivo conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment and soil application of T. harzianum and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, followed by seed treatment and soil application of T. viride and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, resulted in the lowest disease incidence (7.40 and 8.0%), highest disease control (69.37 and 66.88%), maximum dry weight (151 and 147 g plant−1), highest increase in dry weight (75.58 and 70.93), highest pod yield (2665 and 2498 kg ha−1), and highest increase in pod yield (96.38 and 84.08%) under in vivo conditions.”
t0“Groundnut Induced by Sclerotium rolfsii”
Claim · model-written summary
T. viride/Pf treatment produced highest increase increase in dry weight at 70.93.
- Taxon
- GroundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- seed treatment and soil application of T. viride and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1e0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium rolfsiiAgroathelia rolfsiit0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. virideTrichoderma viridee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- increase in dry weighte0
- Direction
- highest increasee0
- Value
- 70.93e0
- Qualifier
- Pfe0
- Setting
- in vivo conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment and soil application of T. harzianum and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, followed by seed treatment and soil application of T. viride and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, resulted in the lowest disease incidence (7.40 and 8.0%), highest disease control (69.37 and 66.88%), maximum dry weight (151 and 147 g plant−1), highest increase in dry weight (75.58 and 70.93), highest pod yield (2665 and 2498 kg ha−1), and highest increase in pod yield (96.38 and 84.08%) under in vivo conditions.”
t0“Groundnut Induced by Sclerotium rolfsii”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum/Pf treatment produced highest pod yield at 2665.
- Taxon
- GroundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment and soil application of T. harzianum and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1e0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium rolfsiiAgroathelia rolfsiit0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- pod yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2665e0
- Qualifier
- Pfe0
- Setting
- in vivo conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment and soil application of T. harzianum and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, followed by seed treatment and soil application of T. viride and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, resulted in the lowest disease incidence (7.40 and 8.0%), highest disease control (69.37 and 66.88%), maximum dry weight (151 and 147 g plant−1), highest increase in dry weight (75.58 and 70.93), highest pod yield (2665 and 2498 kg ha−1), and highest increase in pod yield (96.38 and 84.08%) under in vivo conditions.”
t0“Groundnut Induced by Sclerotium rolfsii”
Claim · model-written summary
T. viride/Pf treatment produced highest pod yield at 2498 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- GroundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- seed treatment and soil application of T. viride and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1e0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium rolfsiiAgroathelia rolfsiit0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. virideTrichoderma viridee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- pod yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2498 kg ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- Pfe0
- Setting
- in vivo conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment and soil application of T. harzianum and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, followed by seed treatment and soil application of T. viride and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, resulted in the lowest disease incidence (7.40 and 8.0%), highest disease control (69.37 and 66.88%), maximum dry weight (151 and 147 g plant−1), highest increase in dry weight (75.58 and 70.93), highest pod yield (2665 and 2498 kg ha−1), and highest increase in pod yield (96.38 and 84.08%) under in vivo conditions.”
t0“Groundnut Induced by Sclerotium rolfsii”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum/Pf treatment produced highest increase increase in pod yield at 96.38.
- Taxon
- GroundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- Seed treatment and soil application of T. harzianum and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1e0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium rolfsiiAgroathelia rolfsiit0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. harzianumTrichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- increase in pod yielde0
- Direction
- highest increasee0
- Value
- 96.38e0
- Qualifier
- Pfe0
- Setting
- in vivo conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment and soil application of T. harzianum and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, followed by seed treatment and soil application of T. viride and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, resulted in the lowest disease incidence (7.40 and 8.0%), highest disease control (69.37 and 66.88%), maximum dry weight (151 and 147 g plant−1), highest increase in dry weight (75.58 and 70.93), highest pod yield (2665 and 2498 kg ha−1), and highest increase in pod yield (96.38 and 84.08%) under in vivo conditions.”
t0“Groundnut Induced by Sclerotium rolfsii”
Claim · model-written summary
T. viride/Pf treatment produced highest increase increase in pod yield at 84.08%.
- Taxon
- GroundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- seed treatment and soil application of T. viride and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1e0
- Interactor
- Sclerotium rolfsiiAgroathelia rolfsiit0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. virideTrichoderma viridee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- increase in pod yielde0
- Direction
- highest increasee0
- Value
- 84.08%e0
- Qualifier
- Pfe0
- Setting
- in vivo conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed treatment and soil application of T. harzianum and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, followed by seed treatment and soil application of T. viride and Pf at 10 (5 + 5) g kg−1 + 10 (5 + 5) kg ha−1, resulted in the lowest disease incidence (7.40 and 8.0%), highest disease control (69.37 and 66.88%), maximum dry weight (151 and 147 g plant−1), highest increase in dry weight (75.58 and 70.93), highest pod yield (2665 and 2498 kg ha−1), and highest increase in pod yield (96.38 and 84.08%) under in vivo conditions.”
t0“Groundnut Induced by Sclerotium rolfsii”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identified T. harzianum/P. fluorescens as the most effective formulation for suppressing S. rolfsii.
- Taxon
- GroundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Treatment
- T. harzianum and P. fluorescense0
- Interactor
- S. rolfsiiAgroathelia rolfsiie0pathogen
- Outcome
- most effective BCAs in suppressing the S. rolfsiie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Based on the results, it is concluded that the dual formulation of T. harzianum and P. fluorescens, followed by T. viride and P. fluorescens, were the most effective BCAs in suppressing the S. rolfsii.”
t0“Groundnut”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend developing and validating a BCA disease-management module with farmers under field conditions.
- Taxon
- GroundnutArachis hypogaeat0
- Outcome
- integrated disease management module with these BCAse0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Therefore, an integrated disease management module with these BCAs needs to be developed and validated with a farmers’ participatory mode under field conditions.”
t0“Groundnut”
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