Abstract
Abstract The artificial sweetener saccharin has been reported to enhance resistance against pathogen attack in various plant species. In this study, foliar application of saccharin resulted in increased resistance to leaf infection by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa) in two Actinidia chinensis cultivars, Hayward and Zesy002. In glasshouse plants, the application of saccharin at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/L, 1 week before inoculation with Psa, induced a dose‐dependent reduction in leaf necrosis in both cultivars. Saccharin at 2.0 g/L reduced leaf necrosis in Hayward by 77% and in Zesy002 by over 90%. However, saccharin (2.0 g/L) did not inhibit growth of Psa in liquid media, thus suggesting induced resistance (IR) as the primary mode of action against leaf infection. The development of IR in both cultivars was concomitant with the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and salicylate glycoside (SAG), and the upregulation of SA‐pathway genes ( PR1 and PR2 ) in treated leaves. In orchard‐grown Hayward vines, saccharin (1.0 g/L) induced the upregulation of SA‐pathway genes and reduced Psa leaf necrosis and flower bud rot by 50% and 25%, respectively, compared with controls. However, saccharin residues were detected in fruit collected from vines that were sprayed with saccharin (1.0 g/L) before flowering. Residue level correlated with application frequency and timing and was highest (0.051 mg/kg) in vines that received three preflowering sprays. This exceeds the default maximum residue limit (MRL; 0.01 mg/kg) for some export markets and could limit the use of saccharin for disease management.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar saccharin increased resistance to Psa leaf infection in Hayward kiwifruit.
- Taxon
- Actinidia chinensis
Actinidia chinensise0 - Material
- Haywarde0
- Treatment
- foliar application of saccharine0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3
Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiaee0pathogen - Outcome
- resistance to leaf infectione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of saccharin resulted in increased resistance to leaf infection by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa) in two Actinidia chinensis cultivars, Hayward and Zesy002”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar saccharin increased resistance to Psa leaf infection in Zesy002 kiwifruit.
- Taxon
- Actinidia chinensisActinidia chinensise0
- Material
- Zesy002e0
- Treatment
- foliar application of saccharine0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance to leaf infectione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of saccharin resulted in increased resistance to leaf infection by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 (Psa) in two Actinidia chinensis cultivars, Hayward and Zesy002”
Claim · model-written summary
Saccharin reduced Psa leaf necrosis dose dependently in both cultivars in the glasshouse.
- Taxon
- kiwifruit
Actinidia deliciosat0 - Treatment
- application of saccharin at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/Le0
- Interactor
- Psae0pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf necrosise0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Setting
- glasshousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In glasshouse plants, the application of saccharin at 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/L, 1 week before inoculation with Psa, induced a dose‐dependent reduction in leaf necrosis in both cultivars”
t0“Saccharin induces resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa biovar 3) in glasshouse kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Saccharin at 2.0 g/L reduced leaf necrosis in Hayward by 77%.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Material
- Haywarde0
- Treatment
- Saccharin at 2.0 g/Le0
- Interactor
- Psat0pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf necrosise0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 77%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Saccharin at 2.0 g/L reduced leaf necrosis in Hayward by 77% and in Zesy002 by over 90%”
t0“Saccharin induces resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa biovar 3) in glasshouse kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Saccharin at 2.0 g/L reduced leaf necrosis in Zesy002 by over 90%.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Material
- Zesy002e0
- Treatment
- Saccharin at 2.0 g/Le0
- Interactor
- Psat0pathogen
- Outcome
- leaf necrosise0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- over 90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Saccharin at 2.0 g/L reduced leaf necrosis in Hayward by 77% and in Zesy002 by over 90%”
t0“Saccharin induces resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa biovar 3) in glasshouse kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Saccharin at 2.0 g/L did not inhibit Psa growth in liquid medium.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- saccharin (2.0 g/L)e0
- Interactor
- Psae0pathogen
- Outcome
- growth of Psae0
- Direction
- did not inhibite0
- Setting
- liquid mediae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“saccharin (2.0 g/L) did not inhibit growth of Psa in liquid media”
t0“Saccharin induces resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa biovar 3) in glasshouse kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Saccharin treatment accumulated salicylic acid and salicylate glycoside in treated kiwifruit leaves.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and salicylate glycoside (SAG)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The development of IR in both cultivars was concomitant with the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and salicylate glycoside (SAG), and the upregulation of SA‐pathway genes ( PR1 and PR2 ) in treated leaves”
t0“Saccharin induces resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa biovar 3) in glasshouse kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Saccharin treated kiwifruit leaves upregulated PR1 and PR2.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Gene
- PR1 and PR2e0
- Outcome
- upregulation of SA‐pathway genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the upregulation of SA‐pathway genes ( PR1 and PR2 ) in treated leaves”
t0“Saccharin induces resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa biovar 3) in glasshouse kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Saccharin at 1.0 g/L upregulated SA pathway genes in orchard grown Hayward vines.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Material
- Haywarde0
- Treatment
- saccharin (1.0 g/L)e0
- Outcome
- upregulation of SA‐pathway genese0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
- Comparator
- controlse0
- Setting
- orchard‐growne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In orchard‐grown Hayward vines, saccharin (1.0 g/L) induced the upregulation of SA‐pathway genes and reduced Psa leaf necrosis and flower bud rot by 50% and 25%, respectively, compared with controls”
t0“Saccharin induces resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa biovar 3) in glasshouse kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Saccharin at 1.0 g/L reduced orchard Hayward Psa leaf necrosis by 50% versus controls.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Material
- Haywarde0
- Treatment
- saccharin (1.0 g/L)e0
- Interactor
- Psae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Psa leaf necrosise0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
- Setting
- orchard‐growne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In orchard‐grown Hayward vines, saccharin (1.0 g/L) induced the upregulation of SA‐pathway genes and reduced Psa leaf necrosis and flower bud rot by 50% and 25%, respectively, compared with controls”
t0“Saccharin induces resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa biovar 3) in glasshouse kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Saccharin at 1.0 g/L reduced orchard Hayward flower bud rot by 25% versus controls.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Material
- Haywarde0
- Treatment
- saccharin (1.0 g/L)e0
- Interactor
- Psae0pathogen
- Outcome
- flower bud rote0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 25%e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
- Setting
- orchard‐growne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In orchard‐grown Hayward vines, saccharin (1.0 g/L) induced the upregulation of SA‐pathway genes and reduced Psa leaf necrosis and flower bud rot by 50% and 25%, respectively, compared with controls”
t0“Saccharin induces resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa biovar 3) in glasshouse kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Saccharin residues were detected in fruit from vines sprayed before flowering.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Treatment
- sprayed with saccharin (1.0 g/L) before floweringe0
- Outcome
- saccharin residuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“saccharin residues were detected in fruit collected from vines that were sprayed with saccharin (1.0 g/L) before flowering”
t0“Saccharin induces resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa biovar 3) in glasshouse kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Saccharin residue level correlated with spray frequency and timing.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- application frequency and timinge0
- Outcome
- Residue levele0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Residue level correlated with application frequency and timing”
t0“Saccharin induces resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa biovar 3) in glasshouse kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Three preflowering sprays produced the highest saccharin residue at 0.051 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- three preflowering sprayse0
- Outcome
- saccharin residuese1
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 0.051 mg/kge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was highest (0.051 mg/kg) in vines that received three preflowering sprays”
e1“saccharin residues were detected in fruit collected from vines that were sprayed with saccharin (1.0 g/L) before flowering”
t0“Saccharin induces resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa biovar 3) in glasshouse kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
The observed residue exceeds the default maximum residue limit of 0.01 mg/kg in some export markets.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Outcome
- maximum residue limite0
- Direction
- exceedse0
- Value
- 0.01 mg/kge0
- Setting
- some export marketse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This exceeds the default maximum residue limit (MRL; 0.01 mg/kg) for some export markets”
t0“Saccharin induces resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa biovar 3) in glasshouse kiwifruit”
The same questions in other papers
application · molecular: metabolites · Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruit)Positive and negative results
7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.