Abstract
Droughts and high temperatures often occur during the late reproductive periods of winter wheat, greatly threatening winter crop production. However, the potential of nitrogen (N) management to mitigate the adverse effects of heat and drought stress on winter wheat remains unclear. Therefore, a two-season wheat experiment was performed to examine the impacts of temperature, soil moisture, and N supply on the photosynthetic rate, N accumulation and remobilization efficiency, and water and N use efficiency. Drought and heat stress resulted in a significant reduction in gas exchange, which was exacerbated by combined stress. In the combined stress treatment (HD), the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate under low N (N1) application increased by approximately 20 % and 15 %, respectively, compared to those under high N (N3) application. The highest net photosynthetic rate and instantaneous water use efficiency were observed under medium N (N2) application. An appropriate reduction in N supply alleviated the impacts of combined stress on growth traits, with the aboveground dry mass and green leaf area under N1 application increasing by 8.49 % and 24.10 %, respectively, compared with those under N3. Drought and heat stress significantly reduced the mean grain-filling rate, grain N accumulation (GNA), and contribution to grain N by post-anthesis N uptake (CANU), especially under combined stress. Compared with that under N1, the GNA in the DH treatment under N2 increased by 7.16 %, whereas the CANU gradually decreased with increasing N supply. Compared with the control, combined stress slightly increased WUE -biomass but decreased WUE -yield , and 19.91 % and 10.77 % lower NUE -yield and NUE -biomass , respectively, were observed under combined stress. The yield, WUE -biomass , and NUE -biomass of the DH treatment with N1 application increased by 16.19 %, 9.27 %, and 6.97 %, respectively, compared with those of the N3 treatment, whereas the WUE -biomass and NUE -yield were greatest under the N2 treatment. Entropy-topsis analysis revealed that the DH treatment under the N1 supply had a greater composite evaluation index than did the N2 and N3 supplies. Reducing nitrogen application effectively mitigated yield suppression and improved water and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat under post-anthesis combined stress. • Combined stress was more detrimental to wheat than the individual stresses. • Nitrogen modulated the effects of combined stress by improving photosynthesis, N remobilization, and grain filling. • Reduced N application had a greater potential to improve adaptability to combined stress.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Drought and heat significantly reduced gas exchange, particularly when combined.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Drought and heat stresse0
- Outcome
- gas exchangee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- exacerbated by combined stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought and heat stress resulted in a significant reduction in gas exchange, which was exacerbated by combined stress.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under combined stress, low N raised stomatal conductance 20% relative to high N.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- low N (N1) applicatione0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20 %e0
- Comparator
- high N (N3) applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate under low N (N1) application increased by approximately 20 % and 15 %, respectively, compared to those under high N (N3) application”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under combined stress, low N raised transpiration 15% relative to high N.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- low N (N1) applicatione0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15 %e0
- Comparator
- high N (N3) applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate under low N (N1) application increased by approximately 20 % and 15 %, respectively, compared to those under high N (N3) application”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium N produced the highest net photosynthetic rate and instantaneous water-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- medium N (N2) applicatione0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic rate and instantaneous water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest net photosynthetic rate and instantaneous water use efficiency were observed under medium N (N2) application.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under combined stress, low N raised aboveground dry mass 8.49% versus high N.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N1 applicatione0
- Outcome
- aboveground dry masse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 8.49 %e0
- Comparator
- N3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the aboveground dry mass and green leaf area under N1 application increasing by 8.49 % and 24.10 %, respectively, compared with those under N3”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under combined stress, low N raised green leaf area 24.10% versus high N.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N1 applicatione0
- Outcome
- green leaf areae0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 24.10 %e0
- Comparator
- N3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the aboveground dry mass and green leaf area under N1 application increasing by 8.49 % and 24.10 %, respectively, compared with those under N3”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought and heat reduced grain filling rate, grain N accumulation, and post-anthesis N contribution, especially together.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Drought and heat stresse0
- Outcome
- mean grain-filling rate, grain N accumulation (GNA), and contribution to grain N by post-anthesis N uptake (CANU)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought and heat stress significantly reduced the mean grain-filling rate, grain N accumulation (GNA), and contribution to grain N by post-anthesis N uptake (CANU), especially under combined stress.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under combined stress, medium N increased grain N accumulation 7.16% versus low N.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N2e0
- Outcome
- GNAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.16 %e0
- Comparator
- N1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with that under N1, the GNA in the DH treatment under N2 increased by 7.16 %”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The contribution of post-anthesis N uptake decreased as N supply increased.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing N supplye0
- Outcome
- CANUe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the CANU gradually decreased with increasing N supply.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress slightly increased biomass water-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined stresse0
- Outcome
- WUE -biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control, combined stress slightly increased WUE -biomass but decreased WUE -yield”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress decreased yield water-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined stresse0
- Outcome
- WUE -yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control, combined stress slightly increased WUE -biomass but decreased WUE -yield”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress lowered yield nitrogen-use efficiency 19.91%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined stresse0
- Outcome
- NUE -yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 19.91 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“19.91 % and 10.77 % lower NUE -yield and NUE -biomass , respectively, were observed under combined stress.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined stress lowered biomass nitrogen-use efficiency 10.77%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- combined stresse0
- Outcome
- NUE -biomasse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 10.77 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“19.91 % and 10.77 % lower NUE -yield and NUE -biomass , respectively, were observed under combined stress.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under combined stress, low N raised yield 16.19% versus high N.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N1 applicatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.19 %e0
- Comparator
- N3 treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield, WUE -biomass , and NUE -biomass of the DH treatment with N1 application increased by 16.19 %, 9.27 %, and 6.97 %, respectively, compared with those of the N3 treatment”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under combined stress, low N raised biomass water-use efficiency 9.27% versus high N.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N1 applicatione0
- Outcome
- WUE -biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.27 %e0
- Comparator
- N3 treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield, WUE -biomass , and NUE -biomass of the DH treatment with N1 application increased by 16.19 %, 9.27 %, and 6.97 %, respectively, compared with those of the N3 treatment”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under combined stress, low N raised biomass nitrogen-use efficiency 6.97% versus high N.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N1 applicatione0
- Outcome
- NUE -biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.97 %e0
- Comparator
- N3 treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield, WUE -biomass , and NUE -biomass of the DH treatment with N1 application increased by 16.19 %, 9.27 %, and 6.97 %, respectively, compared with those of the N3 treatment”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under combined stress, medium N gave the greatest biomass water-use and yield nitrogen-use efficiencies.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N2 treatmente0
- Outcome
- WUE -biomass and NUE -yielde0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the WUE -biomass and NUE -yield were greatest under the N2 treatment.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under combined stress, low N had a greater composite index than medium or high N.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- N1 supplye0
- Outcome
- composite evaluation indexe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- N2 and N3 suppliese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Entropy-topsis analysis revealed that the DH treatment under the N1 supply had a greater composite evaluation index than did the N2 and N3 supplies.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing N was recommended to mitigate yield suppression and improve water and nitrogen use efficiency under combined stress.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Reducing nitrogen applicatione0
- Outcome
- mitigated yield suppression and improved water and nitrogen use efficiencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reducing nitrogen application effectively mitigated yield suppression and improved water and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat under post-anthesis combined stress.”
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