Abstract
Water scarcity is a major environmental constraint on plant growth in arid regions. Soluble sugars and amino acids are essential osmolytes for plants to cope with osmotic stresses. Sweet sorghum is an important bioenergy crop and forage with strong adaptabilities to adverse environments; however, the accumulation pattern and biosynthesis basis of soluble sugars and amino acids in this species under osmotic stresses remain elusive. Here, we investigated the physiological responses of a sweet sorghum cultivar to PEG-induced osmotic stresses, analyzed differentially accumulated soluble sugars and amino acids after 20% PEG treatment using metabolome profiling, and identified key genes involved in the biosynthesis pathways of soluble sugars and amino acids using transcriptome sequencing. The results showed that the growth and photosynthesis of sweet sorghum seedlings were significantly inhibited by more than 20% PEG. After PEG treatments, the leaf osmotic adjustment ability was strengthened, while the contents of major inorganic osmolytes, including K+ and NO3−, remained stable. After 20% PEG treatment, a total of 119 and 188 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified in the stems and leaves, respectively, and the accumulations of soluble sugars such as raffinose, trehalose, glucose, sucrose, and melibiose, as well as amino acids such as proline, leucine, valine, serine, and arginine were significantly increased, suggesting that these metabolites should play key roles in osmotic adjustment of sweet sorghum. The transcriptome sequencing identified 1711 and 4978 DEGs in the stems, as well as 2061 and 6596 DEGs in the leaves after 20% PEG treatment for 6 and 48 h, respectively, among which the expressions of genes involved in biosynthesis pathways of sucrose (such as SUS1, SUS2, etc.), trehalose (including TPS6), raffinose (such as RAFS2 and GOLS2, etc.), proline (such as P5CS2 and P5CR), leucine and valine (including BCAT2), and arginine (such as ASS and ASL) were significantly upregulated. These genes should be responsible for the large accumulation of soluble sugars and amino acids under osmotic stresses. This study deepens our understanding of the important roles of individual soluble sugars and amino acids in the adaptation of sweet sorghum to water scarcity.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
More than 20% PEG significantly inhibited seedling growth and photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- sweet sorghume0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Treatment
- more than 20% PEGe0
- Outcome
- growth and photosynthesise0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the growth and photosynthesis of sweet sorghum seedlings were significantly inhibited by more than 20% PEG”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG strengthened leaf osmotic adjustment ability.
- Taxon
- sweet sorghumt0
- Treatment
- PEG treatmentse0
- Outcome
- leaf osmotic adjustment abilitye0
- Direction
- strengthenede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“After PEG treatments, the leaf osmotic adjustment ability was strengthened”
t0“Physiological, Metabolome and Gene Expression Analyses Reveal the Accumulation and Biosynthesis Pathways of Soluble Sugars and Amino Acids in Sweet Sorghum under Osmotic Stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
K+ and NO3− contents remained stable after PEG treatment.
- Taxon
- sweet sorghumt0
- Treatment
- PEG treatmentse0
- Outcome
- contents of major inorganic osmolytes, including K+ and NO3−e0
- Direction
- remained stablee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“After PEG treatments, the leaf osmotic adjustment ability was strengthened, while the contents of major inorganic osmolytes, including K+ and NO3−, remained stable”
t0“Physiological, Metabolome and Gene Expression Analyses Reveal the Accumulation and Biosynthesis Pathways of Soluble Sugars and Amino Acids in Sweet Sorghum under Osmotic Stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
The stems contained 119 differentially accumulated metabolites after 20% PEG.
Verbatim
e0“After 20% PEG treatment, a total of 119 and 188 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified in the stems and leaves, respectively”
t0“Physiological, Metabolome and Gene Expression Analyses Reveal the Accumulation and Biosynthesis Pathways of Soluble Sugars and Amino Acids in Sweet Sorghum under Osmotic Stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
The leaves contained 188 differentially accumulated metabolites after 20% PEG.
Verbatim
e0“After 20% PEG treatment, a total of 119 and 188 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified in the stems and leaves, respectively”
t0“Physiological, Metabolome and Gene Expression Analyses Reveal the Accumulation and Biosynthesis Pathways of Soluble Sugars and Amino Acids in Sweet Sorghum under Osmotic Stresses”
Claim · model-written summary
Several soluble sugars accumulated significantly after 20% PEG.
- Taxon
- sweet sorghumt0
- Treatment
- 20% PEG treatmentt1
- Outcome
- accumulations of soluble sugars such as raffinose, trehalose, glucose, sucrose, and melibiosee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“accumulations of soluble sugars such as raffinose, trehalose, glucose, sucrose, and melibiose, as well as amino acids such as proline, leucine, valine, serine, and arginine were significantly increased”
t0“Physiological, Metabolome and Gene Expression Analyses Reveal the Accumulation and Biosynthesis Pathways of Soluble Sugars and Amino Acids in Sweet Sorghum under Osmotic Stresses”
t1“After 20% PEG treatment, a total of 119 and 188 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified”
Claim · model-written summary
Several amino acids accumulated significantly after 20% PEG.
- Taxon
- sweet sorghumt0
- Treatment
- 20% PEG treatmentt1
- Outcome
- amino acids such as proline, leucine, valine, serine, and argininee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“amino acids such as proline, leucine, valine, serine, and arginine were significantly increased”
t0“Physiological, Metabolome and Gene Expression Analyses Reveal the Accumulation and Biosynthesis Pathways of Soluble Sugars and Amino Acids in Sweet Sorghum under Osmotic Stresses”
t1“After 20% PEG treatment, a total of 119 and 188 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified”
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