Abstract
Introduction Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have been primarily studied for atmospheric nitrogen (N) fixation but they also have the capacity to improve nutrition and yield of crop plants. Methods Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the effects of inoculation with PGPB in association with different N rates on N uptake, grain yield, and oil concentration of dwarf castor beans in succession to legumes and grasses in Ilha Solteira, Brazil. The treatments consisted of N rates (0 to 180 kg ha −1 of N) and inoculation with three plant growth-promoting bacteria ( Azospirillum brasiliense, Bacillus subtilis , and Pseudomonas fluorescens , applied by leaf) and a control with no-inoculation. Results The grain and oil yields of castor beans were increased by 20 and 40% at a rate of 103 kg ha −1 of N in succession to grasses as compared to without N application. In addition, the grain yield of castor bean after legumes was increased by 28, 64, and 40% with estimated rates of 97, 113, and 92 kg ha −1 of N in combination with inoculations of A. brasilense , B. subtilis , and P. fluorescens as compared to without N application, respectively. Shoot, grain, and total N uptake were improved with foliar inoculation of A. brasilense , B. subtilis , and P. fluorescens at the N rates of 45, 90, and 135 kg ha −1 , respectively. Discussion and conclusions Topdressing of N at the rate of 103 kg ha −1 and foliar inoculation in succession to grasses and 180 kg ha −1 of N without the effect of foliar inoculation in succession to legumes are recommended for higher grain and oil yield of castor beans. Foliar inoculations with A. brasilense , B. subtilis , and P. fluorescens increased grain yield under reduced use of N fertilizer by 44, 37, and 49% in dwarf castor cultivation in succession to legumes, potentially contributing to sustainable agriculture.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen at 103 kg per hectare increased castor grain yield by 20% after grasses.
- Taxon
- castor beans
Ricinus communise0 - Treatment
- 103 kg ha −1 of Ne0
- Outcome
- graine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20e0
- Qualifier
- in succession to grassese0
- Comparator
- without N applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain and oil yields of castor beans were increased by 20 and 40% at a rate of 103 kg ha −1 of N in succession to grasses as compared to without N application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen at 103 kg per hectare increased castor oil yield by 40% after grasses.
- Taxon
- castor beansRicinus communise0
- Treatment
- 103 kg ha −1 of Ne0
- Outcome
- oil yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Qualifier
- in succession to grassese0
- Comparator
- without N applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The grain and oil yields of castor beans were increased by 20 and 40% at a rate of 103 kg ha −1 of N in succession to grasses as compared to without N application.”
Claim · model-written summary
After legumes, nitrogen at 97 kg per hectare with A. brasilense increased grain yield 28%.
- Taxon
- castor beanRicinus communise0
- Treatment
- 97e0
- Interactor
- A. brasilense
Azospirillum brasilensee0symbiont - Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28e0
- Comparator
- without N applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the grain yield of castor bean after legumes was increased by 28, 64, and 40% with estimated rates of 97, 113, and 92 kg ha −1 of N in combination with inoculations of A. brasilense , B. subtilis , and P. fluorescens as compared to without N application, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
After legumes, nitrogen at 113 kg per hectare with B. subtilis increased grain yield 64%.
- Taxon
- castor beanRicinus communise0
- Treatment
- 113e0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis
Bacillus subtilise0symbiont - Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 64e0
- Comparator
- without N applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the grain yield of castor bean after legumes was increased by 28, 64, and 40% with estimated rates of 97, 113, and 92 kg ha −1 of N in combination with inoculations of A. brasilense , B. subtilis , and P. fluorescens as compared to without N application, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
After legumes, nitrogen at 92 kg per hectare with P. fluorescens increased grain yield 40%.
- Taxon
- castor beanRicinus communise0
- Treatment
- 92 kg ha −1 of Ne0
- Interactor
- P. fluorescens
.JPG?width=60)
Pseudomonas fluorescense0symbiont - Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Comparator
- without N applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the grain yield of castor bean after legumes was increased by 28, 64, and 40% with estimated rates of 97, 113, and 92 kg ha −1 of N in combination with inoculations of A. brasilense , B. subtilis , and P. fluorescens as compared to without N application, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar A. brasilense inoculation at 45 kg N improved shoot, grain and total nitrogen uptake.
- Taxon
- castor beansRicinus communist0
- Treatment
- foliar inoculation of A. brasilensee0
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee0symbiont
- Outcome
- Shoot, grain, and total N uptakee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- 45e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot, grain, and total N uptake were improved with foliar inoculation of A. brasilense , B. subtilis , and P. fluorescens at the N rates of 45, 90, and 135 kg ha −1 , respectively.”
t0“castor beans”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar B. subtilis inoculation at 90 kg N improved shoot, grain and total nitrogen uptake.
- Taxon
- castor beansRicinus communist0
- Treatment
- foliar inoculatione0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- Shoot, grain, and total N uptakee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- 90e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot, grain, and total N uptake were improved with foliar inoculation of A. brasilense , B. subtilis , and P. fluorescens at the N rates of 45, 90, and 135 kg ha −1 , respectively.”
t0“castor beans”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar P. fluorescens inoculation at 135 kg N improved shoot, grain and total nitrogen uptake.
- Taxon
- castor beansRicinus communist0
- Treatment
- foliar inoculatione0
- Interactor
- P. fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense0symbiont
- Outcome
- Shoot, grain, and total N uptakee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- 135 kg ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoot, grain, and total N uptake were improved with foliar inoculation of A. brasilense , B. subtilis , and P. fluorescens at the N rates of 45, 90, and 135 kg ha −1 , respectively.”
t0“castor beans”
Claim · model-written summary
After grasses, 103 kg N and foliar inoculation were recommended for grain and oil yield.
- Taxon
- castor beansRicinus communise0
- Treatment
- 103 kg ha −1 and foliar inoculatione0
- Outcome
- higher grain and oil yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Topdressing of N at the rate of 103 kg ha −1 and foliar inoculation in succession to grasses and 180 kg ha −1 of N without the effect of foliar inoculation in succession to legumes are recommended for higher grain and oil yield of castor beans.”
Claim · model-written summary
After legumes, 180 kg N without foliar inoculation was recommended for grain and oil yield.
- Taxon
- castor beansRicinus communise0
- Treatment
- 180 kg ha −1 of N without the effect of foliar inoculatione0
- Outcome
- higher grain and oil yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Topdressing of N at the rate of 103 kg ha −1 and foliar inoculation in succession to grasses and 180 kg ha −1 of N without the effect of foliar inoculation in succession to legumes are recommended for higher grain and oil yield of castor beans.”
Claim · model-written summary
After legumes, A. brasilense raised grain yield 44% with less nitrogen fertilizer.
- Taxon
- dwarf castorRicinus communise0
- Treatment
- Foliar inoculations with A. brasilensee0
- Interactor
- A. brasilenseAzospirillum brasilensee0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 44e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar inoculations with A. brasilense , B. subtilis , and P. fluorescens increased grain yield under reduced use of N fertilizer by 44, 37, and 49% in dwarf castor cultivation in succession to legumes”
Claim · model-written summary
After legumes, B. subtilis raised grain yield 37% with less nitrogen fertilizer.
- Taxon
- dwarf castorRicinus communise0
- Treatment
- Foliar inoculationse0
- Interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 37e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar inoculations with A. brasilense , B. subtilis , and P. fluorescens increased grain yield under reduced use of N fertilizer by 44, 37, and 49% in dwarf castor cultivation in succession to legumes”
Claim · model-written summary
After legumes, P. fluorescens raised grain yield 49% with less nitrogen fertilizer.
- Taxon
- dwarf castorRicinus communise0
- Treatment
- Foliar inoculationse0
- Interactor
- P. fluorescensPseudomonas fluorescense0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 49%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar inoculations with A. brasilense , B. subtilis , and P. fluorescens increased grain yield under reduced use of N fertilizer by 44, 37, and 49% in dwarf castor cultivation in succession to legumes”
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.