Abstract
The casein kinase II (CK2) complex consists of catalytic (α) and regulatory (β) subunits and is highly conserved throughout eukaryotes. Plant CK2 plays critical roles in multiple physiological processes; however, its function in plant immunity remains obscure. In this study, we demonstrated that the unique chloroplast-localized CK2 α subunit (CPCK2) is a negative regulator of Arabidopsis thaliana innate immunity. cpck2 mutants displayed enhanced resistance against the fungal pathogen powdery mildew, Golovinomyces cichoracearum and the virulent bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000. Moreover, the cpck2-1 mutant accumulated higher salicylic acid (SA) levels and mutations that disabled SA biosynthesis or signaling inhibited cpck2-1-mediated disease resistance. CPCK2 interacted with the chloroplast-localized carbonic anhydrase (CA), SA-binding protein 3 (SABP3), which was required for cpck2-mediated immunity. Significantly, CPCK2 phosphorylated SABP3, which promoted S-nitrosylation of this enzyme. It has previously been established that S-nitrosylation of SABP3 reduces both its SA binding function and its CA activity, which compromises the immune-related function of SABP3. Taken together, our results establish CPCK2 as a negative regulator of SA accumulation and associated immunity. Importantly, our findings unveil a mechanism by which CPCK2 negatively regulates plant immunity by promoting S-nitrosylation of SABP3 through phosphorylation, which provides the first example in plants of S-nitrosylation being promoted by cognate phosphorylation.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
CPCK2 negatively regulates Arabidopsis innate immunity.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Gene
- CPCK2e0
- Outcome
- innate immunitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the unique chloroplast-localized CK2 α subunit (CPCK2) is a negative regulator of Arabidopsis thaliana innate immunity”
Claim · model-written summary
cpck2 mutants had enhanced resistance to powdery mildew.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- cpck2 mutantse0
- Interactor
- Golovinomyces cichoracearum
Golovinomyces cichoracearume0pathogen - Outcome
- resistancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cpck2 mutants displayed enhanced resistance against the fungal pathogen powdery mildew, Golovinomyces cichoracearum”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana innate immunity”
Claim · model-written summary
cpck2 mutants had enhanced resistance to Pto DC3000.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae2
- Material
- cpck2 mutantse0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomatoe1pathogen - Outcome
- resistancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cpck2 mutants displayed enhanced resistance”
e1“the virulent bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000”
e2“Arabidopsis thaliana innate immunity”
Claim · model-written summary
cpck2-1 accumulated more salicylic acid.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- cpck2-1 mutante0
- Outcome
- salicylic acid (SA) levelse0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the cpck2-1 mutant accumulated higher salicylic acid (SA) levels”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana innate immunity”
Claim · model-written summary
Disabling SA biosynthesis or signaling inhibited cpck2-1 disease resistance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- mutations that disabled SA biosynthesis or signalinge0
- Outcome
- cpck2-1-mediated disease resistancee0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mutations that disabled SA biosynthesis or signaling inhibited cpck2-1-mediated disease resistance”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana innate immunity”
Claim · model-written summary
CPCK2 interacted with SABP3, which was required for cpck2-mediated immunity.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Gene
- SA-binding protein 3 (SABP3)e0
- Outcome
- cpck2-mediated immunitye0
- Qualifier
- CPCK2 interactede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CPCK2 interacted with the chloroplast-localized carbonic anhydrase (CA), SA-binding protein 3 (SABP3), which was required for cpck2-mediated immunity”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana innate immunity”
Claim · model-written summary
CPCK2 phosphorylated SABP3.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Gene
- SABP3e0
- Outcome
- phosphorylated SABP3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CPCK2 phosphorylated SABP3”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana innate immunity”
Claim · model-written summary
CPCK2-mediated phosphorylation promoted SABP3 S-nitrosylation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Gene
- SABP3e0
- Outcome
- S-nitrosylation of this enzymee0
- Direction
- promotede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CPCK2 phosphorylated SABP3, which promoted S-nitrosylation of this enzyme”
e1“Arabidopsis thaliana innate immunity”
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