Abstract
Boron (B), an essential micronutrient for fruit development, also plays a crucial role in maintaining the shelf life of strawberries ( Fragaria ananassa Duch.) by affecting cell wall structure and components. We investigated the distribution pattern of B within cells and cell walls in strawberry fruits under different B levels and revealed the relationship between the B distribution in cell walls and fruit firmness after harvesting. Foliar spraying of 0.1% H 3 BO 3 promoted the growth of strawberry seedlings and improved fruit yield and flesh firmness by 45.7% and 25.6%. During the fruit softening and decay process, the content of bound B and cell wall-B decreased while more B was allocated to the protoplast and apoplast. The changes in B distribution in cells were attributed to cell damage during fruit decay, and B extended the freshness period of the fruits by alleviating the decrease of B distribution in cell walls. After leaving the fruits at room temperature for 10 h, the B content in different cell wall components significantly decreased, while foliar spraying of B alleviated the reduction of B content in covalently bound pectin (CBP), cellulose, and hemicellulose. Meanwhile, B spraying on fruit decreased the activity of cell wall degradation enzymes, including polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin lyase (PL), by 20.2% and 38.1%, while enhancing the demethylation of pectin by increasing pectin methylesterase (PME) activity from 21.6 U/g to 25.7 U/g. Thus, foliar spraying of 0.1% H 3 BO 3 enhances the cross-linking of B with cell wall components and maintains cell wall structure, thereby prolonging the shelf life of strawberry fruits.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Boron spraying promoted seedling growth.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae0 - Treatment
- Foliar spraying of 0.1% H 3 BO 3e0
- Outcome
- growth of strawberry seedlingse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Foliar spraying of 0.1% H 3 BO 3 promoted the growth of strawberry seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron spraying improved yield by 45.7%.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Foliar spraying of 0.1% H 3 BO 3e0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 45.7%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar spraying of 0.1% H 3 BO 3 promoted the growth of strawberry seedlings and improved fruit yield and flesh firmness by 45.7% and 25.6%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron spraying improved flesh firmness by 25.6%.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Foliar spraying of 0.1% H 3 BO 3e0
- Outcome
- flesh firmnesse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 25.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar spraying of 0.1% H 3 BO 3 promoted the growth of strawberry seedlings and improved fruit yield and flesh firmness by 45.7% and 25.6%.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bound B and wall B declined during fruit decay.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- content of bound B and cell wall-Be0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the fruit softening and decay process, the content of bound B and cell wall-B decreased while more B was allocated to the protoplast and apoplast.”
e1“strawberry fruits under different B levels”
Claim · model-written summary
More B was allocated to protoplast and apoplast during decay.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- B was allocated to the protoplast and apoplaste0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the fruit softening and decay process, the content of bound B and cell wall-B decreased while more B was allocated to the protoplast and apoplast.”
e1“strawberry fruits under different B levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell wall component B declined after 10 hours at room temperature.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Outcome
- B content in different cell wall componentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- room temperature for 10 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After leaving the fruits at room temperature for 10 h, the B content in different cell wall components significantly decreased”
e1“strawberry fruits under different B levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar B alleviated B loss in pectin, cellulose and hemicellulose.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of Be0
- Outcome
- B content in covalently bound pectin (CBP), cellulose, and hemicellulosee0
- Direction
- alleviated the reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar spraying of B alleviated the reduction of B content in covalently bound pectin (CBP), cellulose, and hemicellulose.”
e1“strawberry fruits under different B levels”
Claim · model-written summary
B spraying reduced PG activity by 20.2%.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- B spraying on fruite0
- Gene
- polygalacturonase (PG)e0
- Outcome
- activity of cell wall degradation enzymese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 20.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B spraying on fruit decreased the activity of cell wall degradation enzymes, including polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin lyase (PL), by 20.2% and 38.1%”
e1“strawberry fruits under different B levels”
Claim · model-written summary
B spraying reduced PL activity by 38.1%.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- B spraying on fruite0
- Gene
- pectin lyase (PL)e0
- Outcome
- activity of cell wall degradation enzymese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 38.1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B spraying on fruit decreased the activity of cell wall degradation enzymes, including polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin lyase (PL), by 20.2% and 38.1%”
e1“strawberry fruits under different B levels”
Claim · model-written summary
B spraying increased PME activity to 25.7 U/g.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae1
- Treatment
- B sprayinge2
- Outcome
- pectin methylesterase (PME) activitye0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 25.7 U/ge0
- Qualifier
- 21.6 U/ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing pectin methylesterase (PME) activity from 21.6 U/g to 25.7 U/g”
e1“strawberry fruits under different B levels”
e2“B spraying on fruit”
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See all 69 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.