Abstract
Olive trees are known as one of the most iconic crops in the world. Considering the increasing water deficit worldwide, implementing some profitable and empirical strategies can be inevitable upon exposure to drought stress. Therefore, the present study aimed at clarifying the beneficial role of exogenously foliar application of Fe 2 O 3 modified carbon nitride nanostructures (control, FeSO 4 , C 3 N 4 and Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4 ) to “Shengeh” olive cultivars grown at different watering levels (100, 75, and 50% ET) in two experimental years (2022 and 2023) and the pomological attributes, physiological and biochemical changes happening in the treated leaves and fruits were discussed. The results indicated that drought stress caused a significant decline in pomological attributes in this experiment, and treatments could remarkably make up for this damage. Overall, Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4 outperformed as compared FeSO 4 and C 3 N 4 alone, which were also efficacious in conferring tolerance to the water deficit stress. Conversely, severe drought stressed-olive fruits showed higher oil content percent in the fresh matter and water use efficiency (WUE) in oil by 30% and 52.5%, respectively, as an average of results of two years, and after Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4 , these features in olive plants subjected to severe drought improved by an average of 35% over two years. Ca 2+ and K + in olive plants under severe drought stress declined by 50% and 83% in 2022 and 46% and 24% in 2023, while Na + increased in the plants exposed to 50%ET stress by 48% and 57% in two successive experimental years respectively. The application of Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4 remarkably improved the contents of Ca 2+ and K + by 101.5% and 369%, respectively, as an average of two years. Conversely, this beneficial treatment led to a significant decline in Na + levels by 30% in 2022 and 2% in 2023 under stressful conditions. Moreover, it decreased the ‘osmolytes’ content, caused a smaller decline in chlorophyll levels, and resulted in higher relative water content occurring in the treated olive leaves. The reduction of oxidative markers was a result of the increased enzymatic activity after the use of Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4 . Therefore, this treatment is a promising strategy to achieve improved resistance in olive plants in the future.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Drought significantly reduced pomological attributes.
- Taxon
- olive trees
Olea europaeat0 - Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- pomological attributese0
- Direction
- declinee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought stress caused a significant decline in pomological attributes in this experiment”
t0“Nanostructure-assisted drought tolerance in olive trees (Olea europaea L.): the role of Fe2O3-graphitic carbon”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments compensated for drought damage.
- Taxon
- olive treesOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- this damagee0
- Direction
- make upe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments could remarkably make up for this damage”
t0“Nanostructure-assisted drought tolerance in olive trees (Olea europaea L.): the role of Fe2O3-graphitic carbon”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4 outperformed FeSO 4.
- Taxon
- olive treesOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4e0
- Outcome
- outperformede0
- Direction
- outperformede0
- Comparator
- FeSO 4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4 outperformed as compared FeSO 4 and C 3 N 4 alone”
t0“Nanostructure-assisted drought tolerance in olive trees (Olea europaea L.): the role of Fe2O3-graphitic carbon”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4 outperformed C 3 N 4 alone.
- Taxon
- olive treesOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4e0
- Outcome
- outperformede0
- Direction
- outperformede0
- Comparator
- C 3 N 4 alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4 outperformed as compared FeSO 4 and C 3 N 4 alone”
t0“Nanostructure-assisted drought tolerance in olive trees (Olea europaea L.): the role of Fe2O3-graphitic carbon”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought raised fruit oil content by 30%.
- Taxon
- olive treesOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- severe droughte0
- Outcome
- oil content percent in the fresh mattere0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 30%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“severe drought stressed-olive fruits showed higher oil content percent in the fresh matter and water use efficiency (WUE) in oil by 30% and 52.5%, respectively”
t0“Nanostructure-assisted drought tolerance in olive trees (Olea europaea L.): the role of Fe2O3-graphitic carbon”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought raised oil water use efficiency by 52.5%.
- Taxon
- olive treesOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- severe droughte0
- Outcome
- water use efficiency (WUE) in oile0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 52.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“severe drought stressed-olive fruits showed higher oil content percent in the fresh matter and water use efficiency (WUE) in oil by 30% and 52.5%, respectively”
t0“Nanostructure-assisted drought tolerance in olive trees (Olea europaea L.): the role of Fe2O3-graphitic carbon”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanostructure treatment improved those fruit features by an average of 35%.
- Taxon
- olive treesOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4e0
- Outcome
- these featurese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 35%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“after Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4 , these features in olive plants subjected to severe drought improved by an average of 35% over two years”
t0“Nanostructure-assisted drought tolerance in olive trees (Olea europaea L.): the role of Fe2O3-graphitic carbon”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought reduced olive calcium in 2022 by 50% and in 2023 by 46%.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca 2+ and K + in olive plants under severe drought stress declined by 50% and 83% in 2022 and 46% and 24% in 2023”
t0“Nanostructure-assisted drought tolerance in olive trees (Olea europaea L.): the role of Fe2O3-graphitic carbon”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought reduced olive potassium by 83% in 2022 and 24% in 2023.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ca 2+ and K + in olive plants under severe drought stress declined by 50% and 83% in 2022 and 46% and 24% in 2023”
t0“Nanostructure-assisted drought tolerance in olive trees (Olea europaea L.): the role of Fe2O3-graphitic carbon”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe drought increased sodium by 48% in 2022 and 57% in 2023.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Na + increased in the plants exposed to 50%ET stress by 48% and 57% in two successive experimental years respectively”
t0“Nanostructure-assisted drought tolerance in olive trees (Olea europaea L.): the role of Fe2O3-graphitic carbon”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanostructure treatment increased calcium by 101.5%.
- Taxon
- olive treesOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4e0
- Outcome
- Ca 2+e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 101.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4 remarkably improved the contents of Ca 2+ and K + by 101.5% and 369%, respectively”
t0“Nanostructure-assisted drought tolerance in olive trees (Olea europaea L.): the role of Fe2O3-graphitic carbon”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanostructure treatment increased potassium by 369%.
- Taxon
- olive treesOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4e0
- Outcome
- K +e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 369%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4 remarkably improved the contents of Ca 2+ and K + by 101.5% and 369%, respectively”
t0“Nanostructure-assisted drought tolerance in olive trees (Olea europaea L.): the role of Fe2O3-graphitic carbon”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanostructure treatment reduced sodium by 30% in 2022.
- Taxon
- olive treesOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- this beneficial treatmente0
- Outcome
- Na + levelse0
- Direction
- declinee0
- Value
- 30%e0
- Qualifier
- 2022e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this beneficial treatment led to a significant decline in Na + levels by 30% in 2022 and 2% in 2023 under stressful conditions”
t0“Nanostructure-assisted drought tolerance in olive trees (Olea europaea L.): the role of Fe2O3-graphitic carbon”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanostructure treatment reduced sodium by 2% in 2023.
- Taxon
- olive treesOlea europaeat0
- Treatment
- this beneficial treatmente0
- Outcome
- Na + levelse0
- Direction
- declinee0
- Value
- 2%e0
- Qualifier
- 2023e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this beneficial treatment led to a significant decline in Na + levels by 30% in 2022 and 2% in 2023 under stressful conditions”
t0“Nanostructure-assisted drought tolerance in olive trees (Olea europaea L.): the role of Fe2O3-graphitic carbon”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanostructure treatment decreased osmolytes.
- Taxon
- olive treesOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- ‘osmolytes’ contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it decreased the ‘osmolytes’ content”
t0“Nanostructure-assisted drought tolerance in olive trees (Olea europaea L.): the role of Fe2O3-graphitic carbon”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanostructure treatment limited chlorophyll decline.
- Taxon
- olive treesOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll levelse0
- Direction
- smaller declinee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“caused a smaller decline in chlorophyll levels”
t0“Nanostructure-assisted drought tolerance in olive trees (Olea europaea L.): the role of Fe2O3-graphitic carbon”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanostructure treatment increased leaf relative water content.
- Taxon
- olive treesOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulted in higher relative water content occurring in the treated olive leaves”
t0“Nanostructure-assisted drought tolerance in olive trees (Olea europaea L.): the role of Fe2O3-graphitic carbon”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanostructure treatment reduced oxidative markers through increased enzymatic activity.
- Taxon
- olive treesOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- oxidative markerse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- increased enzymatic activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction of oxidative markers was a result of the increased enzymatic activity after the use of Fe 2 O 3 /g-C 3 N 4”
t0“Nanostructure-assisted drought tolerance in olive trees (Olea europaea L.): the role of Fe2O3-graphitic carbon”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend this treatment to improve olive resistance.
- Taxon
- olive treesOlea europaeat0
- Outcome
- improved resistancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this treatment is a promising strategy to achieve improved resistance in olive plants in the future”
t0“Nanostructure-assisted drought tolerance in olive trees (Olea europaea L.): the role of Fe2O3-graphitic carbon”
The same questions in other papers
iron atom · nutrient: content · Olea europaea (common olive)Results agree
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- positive
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1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →ozone · nutrient: content · Olea europaea (common olive)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.