Abstract
Salt is a potent abiotic stress that arrests plant growth by impairing their physio-biochemical and molecular processes. However, it is unknown how the ABA signaling system and vacuolar-type Na+/H+ antiporter proteins induce stress tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. The present study aimed to identify salt-responsive proteins and signaling pathways involved in the resistance of wheat to salt stress. We explored the proteome profile, 20 amino acids, 14 carbohydrates, 8 major phytohormones, ion content, and salt tolerance genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv.) under 200 mM NaCl with control plants for six days. The results showed that amino acids such as alanine, serine, proline, glutamine, and aspartic acid were highly expressed under salt stress compared with control plants, suggesting that amino acids are the main players in salinity tolerance. The ABA signaling system was activated in response to salinity stress through the modulation of protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) and ABA-responsive element binding factor (ABF), resulting in an ABA-mediated downstream response. Additionally, the vacuolar-type Na+/H+ antiporter was identified as a key protein in salt stress tolerance via compartmentalizing Na+ in the vacuole. Furthermore, a significant increase in the abundance of the 14-3-3 protein was noticed in salt-fed plants, suggesting that this protein plays an important role in Na+ compartmentalization. Moreover, up-regulation of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and thioredoxin-scavenged reactive oxygen species resulted in improved plant growth under salt stress. These data will help to identify salt-responsive proteins that can be used in future breeding programs to develop salt-tolerant varieties.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Alanine, serine and proline were highly expressed under salt stress compared with controls.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- alanine, serine, prolinee0
- Direction
- highly expressede0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“amino acids such as alanine, serine, proline, glutamine, and aspartic acid were highly expressed under salt stress compared with control plants”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Glutamine and aspartic acid were highly expressed under salt stress compared with controls.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- glutamine, and aspartic acide0
- Direction
- highly expressede0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“amino acids such as alanine, serine, proline, glutamine, and aspartic acid were highly expressed under salt stress compared with control plants”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that amino acids are major contributors to salinity tolerance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- salinity tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- amino acids are the main playerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggesting that amino acids are the main players in salinity tolerance.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity activated ABA signaling through modulation of PP2C and ABF.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salinity stresse0
- Gene
- protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) and ABA-responsive element binding factor (ABF)e0
- Outcome
- ABA signaling system was activatede0
- Qualifier
- ABA-mediated downstream responsee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ABA signaling system was activated in response to salinity stress through the modulation of protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) and ABA-responsive element binding factor (ABF), resulting in an ABA-mediated downstream response.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter was identified as important to salt tolerance through vacuolar Na+ compartmentalization.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- vacuolar-type Na+/H+ antiportere0
- Outcome
- salt stress tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- compartmentalizing Na+ in the vacuolee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the vacuolar-type Na+/H+ antiporter was identified as a key protein in salt stress tolerance via compartmentalizing Na+ in the vacuole.”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt-fed plants had significantly more 14-3-3 protein.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salt-fede0
- Gene
- 14-3-3 proteine0
- Outcome
- abundance of the 14-3-3 proteine0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant increase in the abundance of the 14-3-3 protein was noticed in salt-fed plants”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that 14-3-3 protein contributes to Na+ compartmentalization.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- 14-3-3 proteine1
- Outcome
- Na+ compartmentalizatione0
- Qualifier
- important rolee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggesting that this protein plays an important role in Na+ compartmentalization.”
e1“the 14-3-3 protein”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Upregulation of APX, GST and thioredoxin scavenged reactive oxygen species and improved growth under salt stress.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Gene
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and thioredoxine0
- Outcome
- improved plant growthe0
- Qualifier
- scavenged reactive oxygen speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“up-regulation of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and thioredoxin-scavenged reactive oxygen species resulted in improved plant growth under salt stress.”
t0“Wheat”
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