Effect of different nitrogen sources on yield and economics of fodder cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2023 to evaluate the Effect of different nitrogen sources on yield and economics of fodder cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) at AICRP on Forage Crops and Utilization Field, ARI, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with ten treatments and replicated thrice. Results indicated that application of 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) + seed treatment with microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 25g seed -1) registered significantly higher number of pods plant-1 (34.3), seeds plant-1 (544.4), seed (797.9 kg ha-1) and stover yield (3085 kg ha-1) apart from higher gross returns (Rs.1,10,458 ha-1), net returns (Rs. 65508 ha-1) and B-C ratio (2.6) and it was statistically on par with the application of 100% RDF + soil application of microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1).

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Claims 7

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

100% RDF with seed-applied microbial consortia produced significantly higher pod number, 34.3 per plant, and was statistically on par with soil-applied consortia plus RDF.

Taxon: Vigna unguiculata L.Vigna unguiculatat0
Treatment: 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) + seed treatment with microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 25g seed -1)e0
Interactor: RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome: number of pods plant-1e0
Direction: highere0
Value: 34.3e0
Qualifier: PSB+ KRB+ ZnSBe0
Comparator: 100% RDF + soil application of microbial consortiae1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Vigna unguiculata* · TaxonHeraldDesa at English Wikipedia · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

*Rhizobium* · Interactor · picture of the genus (one of its species)Ninjatacoshell · CC BY-SA 3.0 · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0
“application of 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) + seed treatment with microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 25g seed -1) registered significantly higher number of pods plant-1 (34.3)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 365–568 · show in text ↑

e1
“it was statistically on par with the application of 100% RDF + soil application of microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 751–895 · show in text ↑

t0
“fodder cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 63–99 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

100% RDF plus seed microbial consortia gave significantly higher seed number, 544.4 per plant, and was on par with soil application plus RDF.

Taxon: Vigna unguiculata L.Vigna unguiculatat0
Treatment: 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) + seed treatment with microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 25g seed -1)e0
Interactor: RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome: seeds plant-1e0
Direction: highere0
Value: 544.4e0
Qualifier: PSB+ KRB+ ZnSBe0
Comparator: 100% RDF + soil application of microbial consortiae1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“application of 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) + seed treatment with microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 25g seed -1) registered significantly higher number of pods plant-1 (34.3), seeds plant-1 (544.4)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 365–591 · show in text ↑

e1
“it was statistically on par with the application of 100% RDF + soil application of microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 751–895 · show in text ↑

t0
“Vigna unguiculata L.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 78–98 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

100% RDF plus seed microbial consortia gave significantly higher seed yield, 797.9 kg ha-1, and was on par with soil application plus RDF.

Taxon: Vigna unguiculata L.Vigna unguiculatat0
Treatment: 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) + seed treatment with microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 25g seed -1)e0
Interactor: RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome: seede0
Direction: highere0
Value: 797.9 kg ha-1e0
Qualifier: PSB+ KRB+ ZnSBe0
Comparator: 100% RDF + soil application of microbial consortiae1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“application of 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) + seed treatment with microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 25g seed -1) registered significantly higher number of pods plant-1 (34.3), seeds plant-1 (544.4), seed (797.9 kg ha-1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 365–613 · show in text ↑

e1
“it was statistically on par with the application of 100% RDF + soil application of microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 751–895 · show in text ↑

t0
“Vigna unguiculata L.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 78–98 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

100% RDF plus seed microbial consortia gave significantly higher stover yield, 3085 kg ha-1, and was on par with soil application plus RDF.

Taxon: Vigna unguiculata L.Vigna unguiculatat0
Treatment: 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) + seed treatment with microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 25g seed -1)e0
Interactor: RhizobiumRhizobiume0symbiont
Outcome: stover yielde0
Direction: highere0
Value: 3085 kg ha-1e0
Qualifier: PSB+ KRB+ ZnSBe0
Comparator: 100% RDF + soil application of microbial consortiae1

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“application of 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) + seed treatment with microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 25g seed -1) registered significantly higher number of pods plant-1 (34.3), seeds plant-1 (544.4), seed (797.9 kg ha-1) and stover yield (3085 kg ha-1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 365–645 · show in text ↑

e1
“it was statistically on par with the application of 100% RDF + soil application of microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 751–895 · show in text ↑

t0
“Vigna unguiculata L.”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 78–98 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Seed microbial consortia plus 100% RDF gave higher gross returns of Rs.1,10,458 ha-1, on par with soil application plus RDF.

Treatment: 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) + seed treatment with microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 25g seed -1)e1
Outcome: gross returnse0
Direction: highere0
Value: Rs.1,10,458 ha-1e0
Comparator: 100% RDF + soil application of microbial consortiae2

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0
“apart from higher gross returns (Rs.1,10,458 ha-1), net returns (Rs. 65508 ha-1) and B-C ratio (2.6)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 646–746 · show in text ↑

e1
“application of 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) + seed treatment with microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 25g seed -1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 365–506 · show in text ↑

e2
“it was statistically on par with the application of 100% RDF + soil application of microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 751–895 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Seed microbial consortia plus 100% RDF gave higher net returns of Rs. 65508 ha-1, on par with soil application plus RDF.

Treatment: 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) + seed treatment with microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 25g seed -1)e1
Outcome: net returnse0
Direction: highere0
Value: Rs. 65508 ha-1e0
Comparator: 100% RDF + soil application of microbial consortiae2

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0
“apart from higher gross returns (Rs.1,10,458 ha-1), net returns (Rs. 65508 ha-1) and B-C ratio (2.6)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 646–746 · show in text ↑

e1
“application of 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) + seed treatment with microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 25g seed -1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 365–506 · show in text ↑

e2
“it was statistically on par with the application of 100% RDF + soil application of microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 751–895 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Seed microbial consortia plus 100% RDF gave a higher B-C ratio of 2.6, on par with soil application plus RDF.

Treatment: 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) + seed treatment with microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 25g seed -1)e1
Outcome: B-C ratioe0
Direction: highere0
Value: 2.6e0
Comparator: 100% RDF + soil application of microbial consortiae2

Not reportedTaxon

Verbatim

e0
“apart from higher gross returns (Rs.1,10,458 ha-1), net returns (Rs. 65508 ha-1) and B-C ratio (2.6)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 646–746 · show in text ↑

e1
“application of 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) + seed treatment with microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 25g seed -1)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 365–506 · show in text ↑

e2
“it was statistically on par with the application of 100% RDF + soil application of microbial consortia (Rhizobium + PSB+ KRB+ ZnSB @ 5 kg ha-1).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 751–895 · show in text ↑

Rhizobium · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree

47 papers: 47 positive, 0 negative or no effect

46 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
Rhizobium + PSB significantly increased cowpea yield attributes over control.
Effect of Vermicompost and Biofertilizers on Yield Attributes and Nutrient Content and it’s their Uptake of Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.)Walp.] · 2017 · compared with control
Same direction
positive
Rhizobium inoculation produced the highest grain yield of 1441 kg/ha.
Effect of Bio Fertilizer and Fertility Levels on Yield, Protein Content and Nutrient Uptake of Cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] · 2011 · compared with rest of the treatments
Same direction
positive
Combined Rhizobium and PSB inoculation increased cowpea growth and yield versus single inoculants.
Influence of phosphorus and bio-fertilizers on growth and yield of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] in acidic soil of NEH region of India · 2017 · compared with single inoculation of Rhizobium and PSB
Same direction

43 papers more in this group

See all 47 papers →

seed treatment · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results differ

29 papers: 27 positive, 2 negative or no effect

26 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

no effect
Fungicide seed treatment had no significant effect on cowpea grain yield.
Influence of Bradyrhizobium Inoculation and Fungicide Seed Treatment on Development and Yield of Cowpea, Lablab, and Soybean · 2017 · compared with a control
Opposite direction
no effect
Field grain yield did not differ significantly between seed dressing alone and dressing plus drench.
Effect of Fungicides on Pathogens associated with Basal Stem Rots of Cowpea in Nigeria · 1980 · compared with seed dressing alone
No difference from an alternative
positive
Halo priming with 1% CaCl2 for 12 h produced the highest branch number, 7.20.
Stimulatory Effect of Seed Priming as Pretreatment Factors on Germination and Yield Performance of Yard Long Bean (Vigna unguiculata) · 2020
Same direction

25 papers more in this group

See all 29 papers →

inoculation · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results differ

116 papers: 99 positive, 17 negative or no effect

98 papers in the same direction as this paper · 16 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
Virus-inoculated cowpea had significantly lower growth and yield than buffer controls.
Interactions of viruses in Cowpea: effects on growth and yield parameters. · 2007 · compared with buffer inoculated control plants
Opposite direction
negative
Time of CPSMV inoculation had the most profound impact on cowpea yield.
Effect ofCowpea severe mosaic viruson Crop Growth Characteristics and Yield of Cowpea · 2005
Opposite direction
no effect
Inoculation of cowpea with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alone gave no significant increase in shoot biomass or yield, whatever the soil type.
Response of Cowpea to Symbiotic Microorganisms Inoculation (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobium) in Cultivated Soils in Senegal · 2015
Opposite direction

112 papers more in this group

See all 116 papers →

fertilization · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results

292 papers: 275 positive, 17 negative or no effect

274 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative

288 papers more in this group

See all 292 papers →

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 7

The same questions in other papers

Rhizobium · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results agree

seed treatment · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results differ

inoculation · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Results differ

fertilization · yield · Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)Positive and negative results