Abstract
Climate change has complex effects on vegetation, including native grasses and those used as fodder plants. Like many other plant species, grasses respond to climate change by altering their phenology and physiological behavior, leading to changes e.g. in growth, reproduction and metabolic processes. Our study is the first to explore how Phleum pratense and Alopecurus pratensis respond to rising CO 2 and temperatures projected for northern latitudes for two growing seasons. We investigated growth, phenology, pollen release, and physiological parameters in plants cultivated under these conditions, simulated within environmentally controlled chambers. Treatment with elevated temperature reduced the number of generative tillers and, consequently, decreased both the number of inflorescences and the season pollen integrals. Pollen release from P. pratense started up to 17 days earlier, and the daily peak concentration of released pollen was observed 1–2 h earlier in chambers with elevated temperatures when compared to the present climate conditions. Similar effects were noted in A. pratensis . Elevated CO 2 (EC) increased net photosynthesis of P. pratense , but this effect was reduced under elevated temperature (ET), suggesting an antagonistic interaction. In A. pratensis , both elevated CO 2 and temperature had an additive effect on increasing net photosynthesis, with the highest rate observed under the combined ETEC treatment. The elevated temperature or CO 2 did not affect the plant biomass. Our findings propose that the rising temperatures in northern latitudes decrease the flowering of studied grasses and shift the seasonal and daily start of the pollen release. Changes in tiller proportions, reduced pollen integrals, and fewer inflorescences suggest that a warmer climate may negatively impact reproductive success, ecological fitness, and allergenic burden of these grasses. • First study on P. pratense and A. pratensis responses to temperature (ET) and elevated CO 2 (EC). • ET advanced seasonal and daily pollen release, and reduced flowering and pollen integrals. • EC enhanced P. pratense photosynthesis and in A. pratensis , ET + EC additively increased it. • These climate factors may reduce reproductive success, ecological fitness, and crop value. • Effects of climate change on allergenic burden of these grasses require further studies.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature reduced generative tillers, inflorescences, and seasonal pollen integrals in the studied grasses.
- Taxon
- Phleum pratense and Alopecurus pratensis
.jpg?width=60)
Alopecurus pratensis
Phleum pratensee0 - Treatment
- elevated temperaturee1
- Outcome
- number of generative tillerse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Phleum pratense and Alopecurus pratensis”
e1“Treatment with elevated temperature reduced the number of generative tillers and, consequently, decreased both the number of inflorescences and the season pollen integrals”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature advanced P. pratense pollen release by up to 17 days.
- Taxon
- P. pratensePhleum pratensee0
- Treatment
- elevated temperaturese0
- Outcome
- Pollen releasee0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Value
- up to 17 dayse0
- Comparator
- present climate conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pollen release from P. pratense started up to 17 days earlier, and the daily peak concentration of released pollen was observed 1–2 h earlier in chambers with elevated temperatures when compared to the present climate conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature advanced daily peak pollen release in P. pratense by 1–2 hours.
- Taxon
- P. pratensePhleum pratensee0
- Treatment
- elevated temperaturese0
- Outcome
- daily peak concentration of released pollene0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Value
- 1–2 he0
- Comparator
- present climate conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pollen release from P. pratense started up to 17 days earlier, and the daily peak concentration of released pollen was observed 1–2 h earlier in chambers with elevated temperatures when compared to the present climate conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
A. pratensis showed similar pollen timing responses.
- Taxon
- A. pratensisAlopecurus pratensise0
- Outcome
- Similar effectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar effects were noted in A. pratensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased net photosynthesis of P. pratense, with the effect reduced by elevated temperature.
- Taxon
- P. pratensePhleum pratensee0
- Treatment
- Elevated CO 2 (EC)e0
- Outcome
- net photosynthesise0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Elevated CO 2 (EC) increased net photosynthesis of P. pratense , but this effect was reduced under elevated temperature (ET)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 and temperature additively increased net photosynthesis in A. pratensis.
- Taxon
- A. pratensisAlopecurus pratensise0
- Treatment
- combined ETEC treatmente0
- Outcome
- net photosynthesise0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In A. pratensis , both elevated CO 2 and temperature had an additive effect on increasing net photosynthesis, with the highest rate observed under the combined ETEC treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature or CO2 did not affect plant biomass.
- Taxon
- Phleum pratense and Alopecurus pratensisAlopecurus pratensisPhleum pratensee1
- Treatment
- elevated temperature or CO 2e0
- Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The elevated temperature or CO 2 did not affect the plant biomass”
e1“Phleum pratense and Alopecurus pratensis”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · growth · Phleum pratense (timothy)Results differ
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
heat · growth · Alopecurus pratensis (foxtail)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
co2 · physiology: photosynthesis · Phleum pratense (timothy)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.