Abstract
Soils have been getting worse over time, which has led to lower crop yields and nutritional value. This is because of too many conventional fertilizers, anthropogenic activities, and climate change. Soil salinity is also a big problem and challenge for agricultural scientists. To address this issue, nanoparticles are gaining a reputation in agriculture that can enhance salinity tolerance in crops, especially at early growth stages. A pot experiment was conducted at Post Agricultural Research Station (PARS), Faisalabad to assess the impact of iron oxide nanoparticles (0, 15, and 30 ppm) and four levels of salinity (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) on morphological, physiological and yield traits of maize (Zea mays L.) in salinity stress. Salinity stress significantly negatively affected the growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments, ion content (Na+, K+, and Ca2+) of maize plants. Salinity has also increased the levels of MDA, H2O2, and Na+ ions. The application of iron oxide nanoparticles through foliar spray had a notable impact in enhancing the growth and yield of the tested maize variety. It was achieved by promoting the activities of antioxidant enzymes, increasing photosynthetic pigments, and elevating K+ and Ca2+ ion levels under both normal and salinity-stressed conditions. Additionally, iron oxide nanoparticles mitigated the adverse effects of salinity stress by effectively reducing Na+ ion concentration, MDA levels, and H2O2 concentration. Among the different concentrations tested, 30 ppm of iron oxide nanoparticles proved best in alleviating the negative impacts of salinity stress in maize. Thus, field use of 30 ppm iron oxide nanoparticles as foliar spray could effectively mitigate salinity stress in maize.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity significantly reduced maize growth attributes.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress significantly negatively affected the growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments, ion content (Na+, K+, and Ca2+) of maize plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity significantly reduced photosynthetic pigments.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress significantly negatively affected the growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments, ion content (Na+, K+, and Ca2+) of maize plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity negatively affected maize ion content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress significantly negatively affected the growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments, ion content (Na+, K+, and Ca2+) of maize plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased MDA and H2O2 levels.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity has also increased the levels of MDA, H2O2, and Na+ ions.”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increased Na+ ions.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity has also increased the levels of MDA, H2O2, and Na+ ions.”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar iron oxide nanoparticles enhanced maize growth and yield.
- Treatment
- iron oxide nanoparticles through foliar spraye0
- Outcome
- growth and yielde0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of iron oxide nanoparticles through foliar spray had a notable impact in enhancing the growth and yield of the tested maize variety.”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron oxide nanoparticles promoted antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- promotinge0
- Qualifier
- under both normal and salinity-stressed conditionse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was achieved by promoting the activities of antioxidant enzymes, increasing photosynthetic pigments, and elevating K+ and Ca2+ ion levels under both normal and salinity-stressed conditions.”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron oxide nanoparticles increased photosynthetic pigments.
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigmentse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- under both normal and salinity-stressed conditionse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was achieved by promoting the activities of antioxidant enzymes, increasing photosynthetic pigments, and elevating K+ and Ca2+ ion levels under both normal and salinity-stressed conditions.”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron oxide nanoparticles elevated K+ and Ca2+ ion levels.
- Outcome
- K+ and Ca2+ ion levelse0
- Direction
- elevatinge0
- Qualifier
- under both normal and salinity-stressed conditionse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was achieved by promoting the activities of antioxidant enzymes, increasing photosynthetic pigments, and elevating K+ and Ca2+ ion levels under both normal and salinity-stressed conditions.”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron oxide nanoparticles reduced Na+ ion concentration, MDA and H2O2.
- Treatment
- iron oxide nanoparticlese0
- Outcome
- Na+ ion concentration, MDA levels, and H2O2 concentratione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, iron oxide nanoparticles mitigated the adverse effects of salinity stress by effectively reducing Na+ ion concentration, MDA levels, and H2O2 concentration.”
t0“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The 30 ppm dose best alleviated salinity damage among tested doses.
- Treatment
- 30 ppm of iron oxide nanoparticlese0
- Outcome
- negative impacts of salinity stresse0
- Direction
- beste0
- Comparator
- different concentrations testede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among the different concentrations tested, 30 ppm of iron oxide nanoparticles proved best in alleviating the negative impacts of salinity stress in maize.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend field foliar use of 30 ppm iron oxide nanoparticles to mitigate maize salinity stress.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thus, field use of 30 ppm iron oxide nanoparticles as foliar spray could effectively mitigate salinity stress in maize.”
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