Abstract
Open-field-grown tomatoes in Saudi Arabia are stressed by poor soil fertility because of the low organic matter content, low nutrient availability, and high pH. Thus, high chemical fertilizer inputs are crucial for commercial production; however, they cause economic loss as well as negatively affect environmental sustainability. The use of efficient organic fertilizers would be useful for developing more cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and sustainable agriculture. The current study evaluated the impact of Black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens L.) frass (BSFF) fertilizer applications as organic fertilizer on postharvest fruit quality and shelf life of open-field-grown F1 hybrid ‘Sinag Tala’ tomatoes compared with those grown under control treatment (received recommended doses of chemical fertilizers for tomato production under open field conditions). The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The results showed that the application of BSFF fertilizer, especially at the higher rate (5 ton/ha; BSFF3), improved the overall quality of tomato fruit. The BSFF fertilizer treatments reduced weight loss, maintained higher firmness, antioxidants [vitamin C, total phenol content (TPC) and total flavinoid (TFC)], total soluble solids (TSS), and titratable acidity (TA) contents, and lowered the TSS/TA ratio of fruits during shelf life compared with those of the control. The decay incidence was only detected after 9 days of shelf life and was significantly lower in all the BSFF fertilizer treatments (range, 8.40%-12.05%) than in the control (15.9%). In addition, BSFF fertilizer treatments reduced both disease incidence and severity of gray mold following pathogen inoculation during shelf life compared with those of the control. These results might be attributable to the higher antioxidants content (vitamin C, TPC, and TFC) and higher polyphenol oxidase activity in BSFF-fertilized tomatoes. In conclusion, BSFF fertilizer could be used as a potential eco-friendly alternative to chemical fertilizers to improve tomato fruit quality during shelf life.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
High-rate BSFF fertilizer improved overall tomato fruit quality.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- BSFF fertilizere0
- Outcome
- overall quality of tomato fruite0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- higher rate (5 ton/ha; BSFF3)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.)”
e0“the application of BSFF fertilizer, especially at the higher rate (5 ton/ha; BSFF3), improved the overall quality of tomato fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
BSFF fertilizer reduced tomato fruit weight loss during shelf life relative to control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Treatment
- BSFF fertilizer treatmentse0
- Outcome
- weight losse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.)”
e0“The BSFF fertilizer treatments reduced weight loss, maintained higher firmness, antioxidants [vitamin C, total phenol content (TPC) and total flavinoid (TFC)], total soluble solids (TSS), and titratable acidity (TA) contents, and lowered the TSS/TA ratio of fruits during shelf life compared with those of the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
BSFF fertilizer maintained higher tomato fruit firmness during shelf life.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Treatment
- BSFF fertilizer treatmentse0
- Outcome
- firmnesse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.)”
e0“The BSFF fertilizer treatments reduced weight loss, maintained higher firmness, antioxidants [vitamin C, total phenol content (TPC) and total flavinoid (TFC)], total soluble solids (TSS), and titratable acidity (TA) contents, and lowered the TSS/TA ratio of fruits during shelf life compared with those of the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
BSFF fertilizer maintained higher vitamin C, total phenol and total flavinoid contents in tomato fruit.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Treatment
- BSFF fertilizer treatmentse0
- Outcome
- antioxidants [vitamin C, total phenol content (TPC) and total flavinoid (TFC)]e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.)”
e0“The BSFF fertilizer treatments reduced weight loss, maintained higher firmness, antioxidants [vitamin C, total phenol content (TPC) and total flavinoid (TFC)], total soluble solids (TSS), and titratable acidity (TA) contents, and lowered the TSS/TA ratio of fruits during shelf life compared with those of the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
BSFF fertilizer maintained higher tomato fruit total soluble solids during shelf life.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BSFF fertilizer treatmentse0
- Outcome
- total soluble solids (TSS)e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.)”
e0“The BSFF fertilizer treatments reduced weight loss, maintained higher firmness, antioxidants [vitamin C, total phenol content (TPC) and total flavinoid (TFC)], total soluble solids (TSS), and titratable acidity (TA) contents, and lowered the TSS/TA ratio of fruits during shelf life compared with those of the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
BSFF fertilizer maintained higher tomato fruit titratable acidity during shelf life.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BSFF fertilizer treatmentse0
- Outcome
- titratable acidity (TA) contentse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.)”
e0“The BSFF fertilizer treatments reduced weight loss, maintained higher firmness, antioxidants [vitamin C, total phenol content (TPC) and total flavinoid (TFC)], total soluble solids (TSS), and titratable acidity (TA) contents, and lowered the TSS/TA ratio of fruits during shelf life compared with those of the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
BSFF fertilizer lowered tomato fruit TSS/TA ratio during shelf life.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BSFF fertilizer treatmentse0
- Outcome
- TSS/TA ratioe0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.)”
e0“The BSFF fertilizer treatments reduced weight loss, maintained higher firmness, antioxidants [vitamin C, total phenol content (TPC) and total flavinoid (TFC)], total soluble solids (TSS), and titratable acidity (TA) contents, and lowered the TSS/TA ratio of fruits during shelf life compared with those of the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato fruit decay occurred only after nine days of shelf life.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- decay incidencee0
- Qualifier
- after 9 days of shelf lifee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.)”
e0“The decay incidence was only detected after 9 days of shelf life”
Claim · model-written summary
BSFF fertilizer significantly lowered tomato fruit decay incidence to 8.40%-12.05% versus 15.9% for control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BSFF fertilizer treatmentse0
- Outcome
- decay incidencee1
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 8.40%-12.05%e0
- Qualifier
- 15.9%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.)”
e0“was significantly lower in all the BSFF fertilizer treatments (range, 8.40%-12.05%) than in the control (15.9%)”
e1“The decay incidence was only detected after 9 days of shelf life”
Claim · model-written summary
BSFF fertilizer reduced gray mold disease incidence after pathogen inoculation in tomato fruit.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BSFF fertilizer treatmentse0
- Outcome
- disease incidence and severity of gray molde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- following pathogen inoculation during shelf lifee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.)”
e0“BSFF fertilizer treatments reduced both disease incidence and severity of gray mold following pathogen inoculation during shelf life compared with those of the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest higher antioxidant content and polyphenol oxidase activity may explain the BSFF-associated quality outcomes.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Gene
- polyphenol oxidasee0
- Outcome
- These resultse0
- Qualifier
- higher antioxidants content (vitamin C, TPC, and TFC) and higher polyphenol oxidase activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.)”
e0“These results might be attributable to the higher antioxidants content (vitamin C, TPC, and TFC) and higher polyphenol oxidase activity in BSFF-fertilized tomatoes.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose BSFF fertilizer as an alternative to chemical fertilizer for improving tomato fruit shelf-life quality.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- BSFF fertilizer could be used as a potential eco-friendly alternative to chemical fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BSFF fertilizer could be used as a potential eco-friendly alternative to chemical fertilizers to improve tomato fruit quality during shelf life.”
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