Abstract
ABSTRACT In a changing climate, conservation tillage and agronomic biofortification are essential for enhancing crop yield, nutritional security, carbon stocks, and soil quality. Consequently, a field study was conducted in central India to assess the short‐term (4 years) effects of crop establishment techniques (CETs) and agronomic biofortification methods (ABMs) on soil health indicators, grain yield, and quality in the soybean–wheat cropping system. The experiment followed a split‐plot design with two CETs in the main plots (permanent broad bed furrow, PBBF, and conventional tillage, CT) and eight ABMs, each with three replications. The results indicated that PBBF and ABMs (seed inoculation with the microbial strains MDSR 14 + MDSR 34, and soil and foliar application of Zn+Fe) improved soil carbon stock (by 49.6% and 52.4%), available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, available Zn (by 30.0%), and Fe (by 21.9%) after the fourth year of the study. Similarly, PBBF and microbial inoculation increased soil enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, and β‐glucosidase), substrate‐induced respiration, and microbial biomass carbon content. As a result, a higher soybean equivalent yield (5.59% higher in PBBF and 14.2% higher with foliar spray of Zn+Fe) and seed quality attributes (crude protein yield, grain Zn, and Fe) were observed in PBBF and the foliar spray of Zn and Fe treatments compared to CT and control, respectively. Overall, adopting the short‐term PBBF system, microbial inoculation, and soil and foliar application of Zn and Fe improved rhizosphere biochemical properties, yield, and seed quality in the soybean–wheat system.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Permanent broad bed furrow improved soil carbon stock by 49.6%.
- Taxon
- Soybean–Wheat
Glycine max
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- PBBFe0
- Outcome
- soil carbon stocke0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 49.6%e0
- Comparator
- conventional tillage, CTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PBBF and ABMs (seed inoculation with the microbial strains MDSR 14 + MDSR 34, and soil and foliar application of Zn+Fe) improved soil carbon stock (by 49.6% and 52.4%)”
t0“Soybean–Wheat Cropping”
e1“permanent broad bed furrow, PBBF, and conventional tillage, CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Agronomic biofortification improved soil carbon stock by 52.4%.
- Taxon
- Soybean–WheatGlycine maxTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ABMse0
- Outcome
- soil carbon stocke0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 52.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PBBF and ABMs (seed inoculation with the microbial strains MDSR 14 + MDSR 34, and soil and foliar application of Zn+Fe) improved soil carbon stock (by 49.6% and 52.4%)”
t0“Soybean–Wheat Cropping”
Claim · model-written summary
PBBF and biofortification increased available soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
- Taxon
- Soybean–WheatGlycine maxTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassiume0
- Direction
- improvede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium”
e1“PBBF and ABMs (seed inoculation with the microbial strains MDSR 14 + MDSR 34, and soil and foliar application of Zn+Fe) improved soil carbon stock”
t0“Soybean–Wheat Cropping”
Claim · model-written summary
PBBF and biofortification raised available soil Zn by 30.0%.
- Taxon
- Soybean–WheatGlycine maxTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- available Zne0
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 30.0%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available Zn (by 30.0%)”
e1“PBBF and ABMs (seed inoculation with the microbial strains MDSR 14 + MDSR 34, and soil and foliar application of Zn+Fe) improved soil carbon stock”
t0“Soybean–Wheat Cropping”
Claim · model-written summary
PBBF and biofortification raised available soil Fe by 21.9%.
- Taxon
- Soybean–WheatGlycine maxTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Fee0
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 21.9%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe (by 21.9%)”
e1“PBBF and ABMs (seed inoculation with the microbial strains MDSR 14 + MDSR 34, and soil and foliar application of Zn+Fe) improved soil carbon stock”
t0“Soybean–Wheat Cropping”
Claim · model-written summary
PBBF and microbial inoculation increased soil enzyme activities, respiration and microbial biomass carbon.
- Taxon
- Soybean–WheatGlycine maxTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- microbial inoculatione0
- Outcome
- soil enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PBBF and microbial inoculation increased soil enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, and β‐glucosidase), substrate‐induced respiration, and microbial biomass carbon content.”
t0“Soybean–Wheat Cropping”
Claim · model-written summary
PBBF produced 5.59% higher soybean equivalent yield than conventional tillage.
- Taxon
- Soybean–WheatGlycine maxTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PBBFe0
- Outcome
- soybean equivalent yielde1
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5.59%e0
- Comparator
- CTe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“5.59% higher in PBBF”
e1“higher soybean equivalent yield”
e2“compared to CT and control, respectively”
t0“Soybean–Wheat Cropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn and Fe produced 14.2% higher soybean equivalent yield than control.
- Taxon
- Soybean–WheatGlycine maxTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- foliar spray of Zn+Fee0
- Outcome
- soybean equivalent yielde1
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 14.2%e0
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“14.2% higher with foliar spray of Zn+Fe”
e1“higher soybean equivalent yield”
e2“compared to CT and control, respectively”
t0“Soybean–Wheat Cropping”
Claim · model-written summary
PBBF and foliar Zn and Fe improved crude protein yield and grain Zn and Fe.
- Taxon
- Soybean–WheatGlycine maxTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- crude protein yield, grain Zn, and Fee0
- Comparator
- CT and controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed quality attributes (crude protein yield, grain Zn, and Fe) were observed in PBBF and the foliar spray of Zn and Fe treatments compared to CT and control, respectively”
t0“Soybean–Wheat Cropping”
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