Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of long-term aerated seepage irrigation technology on soil fertility changes and maize yield under continuous maize cropping system in red loam soil, and to explain the mechanism of maize yield increase under this technology, which can provide theoretical basis for crop quality improvement and yield increase under aerated irrigation (AI) technology. Therefore, this research was conducted for four field seasons in 2020–2023 at the National Soil Quality Observation Experimental Station, Zhanjiang, China. Soil aeration, soil fertility, root growth, physiological traits, and yield indicators were evaluated by conventional underground drip irrigation (CK) and AI. Our results showed that AI treatment significantly improved soil aeration and soil fertility. Increases in soil oxygen content, soil respiration rate, soil bacterial biomass, and soil urease activity were observed, corresponding to increases from 3.08% to 21.34%, 1.90% to 24.71%, 26.37% to 0.09%, and 12.35% to 100.96%, respectively. The effect of AI on maize indicators increased year by year. Based on improvements in soil aeration and fertility, root length, root surface area, and root dry weight under AI treatment were enhanced by 15.56% to 53.79%, 30.13% to 62.31%, and 19.23% to 35.64% ( p < 0.05) compared to the CK group. In addition, maize agronomic traits and physiological characteristics showed improved performance; in particular, over 1.16% to 14.42% increases were identified in maize yield by AI treatment. Further analysis using a structural equation model (SEM) demonstrated that the AI technology significantly promotes the improvement of root indicators by enhancing soil aeration and soil fertility. As a result, maize yield could be increased significantly and indirectly
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated irrigation increased soil oxygen content by 3.08% to 21.34%.
- Treatment
- AIe1
- Outcome
- soil oxygen contente0
- Direction
- Increasese0
- Value
- 3.08% to 21.34%e0
- Comparator
- conventional underground drip irrigation (CK)e1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increases in soil oxygen content, soil respiration rate, soil bacterial biomass, and soil urease activity were observed, corresponding to increases from 3.08% to 21.34%, 1.90% to 24.71%, 26.37% to 0.09%, and 12.35% to 100.96%, respectively.”
e1“conventional underground drip irrigation (CK) and AI”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated irrigation increased soil respiration rate by 1.90% to 24.71%.
- Treatment
- AIe1
- Outcome
- soil respiration ratee0
- Direction
- Increasese0
- Value
- 1.90% to 24.71%e0
- Comparator
- conventional underground drip irrigation (CK)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increases in soil oxygen content, soil respiration rate, soil bacterial biomass, and soil urease activity were observed, corresponding to increases from 3.08% to 21.34%, 1.90% to 24.71%, 26.37% to 0.09%, and 12.35% to 100.96%, respectively.”
e1“conventional underground drip irrigation (CK) and AI”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated irrigation increased soil bacterial biomass, although the reported range is internally inconsistent.
- Treatment
- AIe1
- Outcome
- soil bacterial biomasse0
- Direction
- Increasese0
- Value
- 26.37% to 0.09%e0
- Comparator
- conventional underground drip irrigation (CK)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increases in soil oxygen content, soil respiration rate, soil bacterial biomass, and soil urease activity were observed, corresponding to increases from 3.08% to 21.34%, 1.90% to 24.71%, 26.37% to 0.09%, and 12.35% to 100.96%, respectively.”
e1“conventional underground drip irrigation (CK) and AI”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated irrigation increased soil urease activity by 12.35% to 100.96%.
- Treatment
- AIe1
- Outcome
- soil urease activitye0
- Direction
- Increasese0
- Value
- 12.35% to 100.96%e0
- Comparator
- conventional underground drip irrigation (CK)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increases in soil oxygen content, soil respiration rate, soil bacterial biomass, and soil urease activity were observed, corresponding to increases from 3.08% to 21.34%, 1.90% to 24.71%, 26.37% to 0.09%, and 12.35% to 100.96%, respectively.”
e1“conventional underground drip irrigation (CK) and AI”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
The effect of aerated irrigation on maize indicators increased year by year.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of AI on maize indicators increased year by year.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated irrigation enhanced maize root length by 15.56% to 53.79% compared with conventional irrigation.
- Treatment
- AI treatmente0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 15.56% to 53.79%e0
- Comparator
- CK groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root length, root surface area, and root dry weight under AI treatment were enhanced by 15.56% to 53.79%, 30.13% to 62.31%, and 19.23% to 35.64% ( p < 0.05) compared to the CK group.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated irrigation enhanced maize root surface area by 30.13% to 62.31% compared with conventional irrigation.
- Treatment
- AI treatmente0
- Outcome
- root surface areae0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 30.13% to 62.31%e0
- Comparator
- CK groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root length, root surface area, and root dry weight under AI treatment were enhanced by 15.56% to 53.79%, 30.13% to 62.31%, and 19.23% to 35.64% ( p < 0.05) compared to the CK group.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated irrigation enhanced maize root dry weight by 19.23% to 35.64% compared with conventional irrigation.
- Treatment
- AI treatmente0
- Outcome
- root dry weighte0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 19.23% to 35.64%e0
- Comparator
- CK groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root length, root surface area, and root dry weight under AI treatment were enhanced by 15.56% to 53.79%, 30.13% to 62.31%, and 19.23% to 35.64% ( p < 0.05) compared to the CK group.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated irrigation improved maize agronomic traits and physiological characteristics.
- Treatment
- AI treatmente1
- Outcome
- agronomic traits and physiological characteristicse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- conventional underground drip irrigation (CK)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maize agronomic traits and physiological characteristics showed improved performance”
e1“by AI treatment”
e2“conventional underground drip irrigation (CK) and AI”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated irrigation increased maize yield by 1.16% to 14.42%.
- Treatment
- AI treatmente0
- Outcome
- maize yielde0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 1.16% to 14.42%e0
- Comparator
- conventional underground drip irrigation (CK)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“over 1.16% to 14.42% increases were identified in maize yield by AI treatment”
e1“conventional underground drip irrigation (CK) and AI”
Claim · model-written summary
Structural equation modeling indicated that aerated irrigation improved maize root indicators through enhanced soil aeration and fertility.
- Treatment
- AI technologye0
- Outcome
- root indicatorse0
- Qualifier
- by enhancing soil aeration and soil fertilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AI technology significantly promotes the improvement of root indicators by enhancing soil aeration and soil fertility.”
t0“maize”
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