Abstract
Groundwater overexploitation in West Ordos necessitates sustainable irrigation practices. This study evaluated three irrigation levels—W1 (3300 m3 · ha−1), W2 (2850 m3 · ha−1), and W3 (2400 m3 · ha−1)—by modifying the wide-width planting pattern of maize. Additionally, two levels of straw mulch were analyzed: F1 (9000 kg · ha−1) and F2 (no mulch). The study aimed to investigate the effects of these treatments on corn growth dynamics, soil water temperature, soil enzyme activity, yield, grain quality, and water use efficiency. The results indicated a decline in growth indices, enzyme activities, grain quality, and yield under the limited irrigation levels W2 and W3 compared to W1. The highest corn yields were observed with W1F1 (6642.54 kg · ha−1) and W2F1 (6602.38 kg · ha−1), with the latter showing only a 0.6% decrease. Notably, water use efficiency in the W2F1 treatment improved by 4.69%, 12.08%, 10.27%, 12.59%, and 12.96% compared to W1F1, W3F1, W1F2, W2F2, and W3F2, respectively. Straw mulch (F1) significantly elevated the soil temperature, increasing the effective accumulated temperature during the growth period by 10.11~85.79 °C, and boosted the soil enzyme activity by 10–25%. Under limited irrigation, the W2 (2850 m3 · ha−1) and F1 (9000 kg · ha−1 straw) treatments achieved the highest water productivity of 2.48 kg·m−3, maintaining a high yield of 6602.38 kg · ha−1 while preserving nutrients essential to the corn’s quality. This approach presents a viable strategy for wide-width corn planting in groundwater-depleted regions, offering a scientifically grounded and sustainable water management solution for efficient corn production in West Ordos.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Limited irrigation levels W2 and W3 decreased growth indices, enzyme activities and grain quality compared with W1.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- limited irrigation levels W2 and W3e1
- Outcome
- growth indices, enzyme activities, grain qualitye1
- Direction
- declinee1
- Comparator
- W1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e1“The results indicated a decline in growth indices, enzyme activities, grain quality, and yield under the limited irrigation levels W2 and W3 compared to W1”
Claim · model-written summary
Limited irrigation levels W2 and W3 decreased corn yield compared with W1.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- limited irrigation levels W2 and W3e1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- declinee1
- Comparator
- W1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e1“The results indicated a decline in growth indices, enzyme activities, grain quality, and yield under the limited irrigation levels W2 and W3 compared to W1”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest corn yield was observed with W1F1, 6642.54 kg · ha−1.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- W1F1e2
- Outcome
- corn yieldse2
- Value
- 6642.54 kg · ha−1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e2“The highest corn yields were observed with W1F1 (6642.54 kg · ha−1) and W2F1 (6602.38 kg · ha−1), with the latter showing only a 0.6% decrease”
Claim · model-written summary
W2F1 gave a corn yield of 6602.38 kg · ha−1.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- W2F1e2
- Outcome
- corn yieldse2
- Value
- 6602.38 kg · ha−1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e2“The highest corn yields were observed with W1F1 (6642.54 kg · ha−1) and W2F1 (6602.38 kg · ha−1), with the latter showing only a 0.6% decrease”
Claim · model-written summary
The W2F1 corn yield was only 0.6% lower than W1F1.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e2“The highest corn yields were observed with W1F1 (6642.54 kg · ha−1) and W2F1 (6602.38 kg · ha−1), with the latter showing only a 0.6% decrease”
Claim · model-written summary
Water use efficiency in W2F1 improved by 4.69% compared with W1F1.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- W2F1e3
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Value
- 4.69%e3
- Comparator
- W1F1e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e3“water use efficiency in the W2F1 treatment improved by 4.69%, 12.08%, 10.27%, 12.59%, and 12.96% compared to W1F1, W3F1, W1F2, W2F2, and W3F2, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Water use efficiency in W2F1 improved by 12.08% compared with W3F1.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- W2F1e3
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Value
- 12.08%e3
- Comparator
- W3F1e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e3“water use efficiency in the W2F1 treatment improved by 4.69%, 12.08%, 10.27%, 12.59%, and 12.96% compared to W1F1, W3F1, W1F2, W2F2, and W3F2, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Water use efficiency in W2F1 improved by 10.27% compared with W1F2.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- W2F1e3
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Value
- 10.27%e3
- Comparator
- W1F2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e3“water use efficiency in the W2F1 treatment improved by 4.69%, 12.08%, 10.27%, 12.59%, and 12.96% compared to W1F1, W3F1, W1F2, W2F2, and W3F2, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Water use efficiency in W2F1 improved by 12.59% compared with W2F2.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- W2F1e3
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Value
- 12.59%e3
- Comparator
- W2F2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e3“water use efficiency in the W2F1 treatment improved by 4.69%, 12.08%, 10.27%, 12.59%, and 12.96% compared to W1F1, W3F1, W1F2, W2F2, and W3F2, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Water use efficiency in W2F1 improved by 12.96% compared with W3F2.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- W2F1e3
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Value
- 12.96%e3
- Comparator
- W3F2e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e3“water use efficiency in the W2F1 treatment improved by 4.69%, 12.08%, 10.27%, 12.59%, and 12.96% compared to W1F1, W3F1, W1F2, W2F2, and W3F2, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch significantly elevated soil temperature.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Straw mulch (F1)e4
- Outcome
- soil temperaturee4
- Direction
- elevatede4
- Comparator
- F2 (no mulch)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e4“Straw mulch (F1) significantly elevated the soil temperature, increasing the effective accumulated temperature during the growth period by 10.11~85.79 °C”
e5“F2 (no mulch)”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch increased the effective accumulated temperature during the growth period by 10.11~85.79 °C.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Straw mulch (F1)e4
- Outcome
- effective accumulated temperaturee4
- Direction
- increasinge4
- Value
- 10.11~85.79 °Ce4
- Comparator
- F2 (no mulch)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e4“Straw mulch (F1) significantly elevated the soil temperature, increasing the effective accumulated temperature during the growth period by 10.11~85.79 °C”
e5“F2 (no mulch)”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw mulch boosted soil enzyme activity by 10–25%.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Straw mulch (F1)e4
- Outcome
- soil enzyme activitye6
- Direction
- boostede6
- Value
- 10–25%e6
- Comparator
- F2 (no mulch)e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e4“Straw mulch (F1) significantly elevated the soil temperature”
e5“F2 (no mulch)”
e6“boosted the soil enzyme activity by 10–25%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under limited irrigation, W2 and F1 achieved the highest water productivity, 2.48 kg·m−3.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- W2 (2850 m3 · ha−1) and F1 (9000 kg · ha−1 straw)e7
- Outcome
- water productivitye7
- Direction
- higheste7
- Value
- 2.48 kg·m−3e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e7“Under limited irrigation, the W2 (2850 m3 · ha−1) and F1 (9000 kg · ha−1 straw) treatments achieved the highest water productivity of 2.48 kg·m−3”
Claim · model-written summary
W2F1 preserved nutrients essential to corn quality.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- nutrients essential to the corn’s qualitye1
- Direction
- preservinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e1“maintaining a high yield of 6602.38 kg · ha−1 while preserving nutrients essential to the corn’s quality”
Claim · model-written summary
The W2 and F1 combination is a viable strategy for wide-width corn planting in groundwater-depleted regions.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- viable strategy for wide-width corn plantinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e1“This approach presents a viable strategy for wide-width corn planting in groundwater-depleted regions”
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