Abstract
Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple crop of immense economic importance, especially in the agronomic context of Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. Understanding the effects of various agronomic practices, such as priming techniques, sowing methods, and seed rates, on wheat yield and growth is crucial for optimizing production and ensuring regional food security. To study the effects of priming and sowing techniques in combination with seed rates on short (Israr Shaheed) and long (Gomal) duration, three experiments were conducted at the agronomic research site of Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan, wheat varieties. In the first experiment, various priming techniques were used. Among different techniques used Farmyard manure priming produced the tallest plants at 111.3 and 125.3 cm, the maximum number of tillers (335.7 and 345.0 m -2 ), longest spikes (8.6 and 7.6 cm), maximum spikelets (27.2 and 31.0 spike -1 ), maximum number of grains (45.5 and 48.7 spike -1 ), maximum grain yield (4.4 and 4.6 t ha -1 ) and maximum harvest index (38.7 and 41.5%) respectively for Israr Shaheed and Gomal. Conversely, compost manure produced heavier grains than other interactions (49.2 and 42.3 g) while sodium chloride showed the maximum biological yield (12.4 and 11.8 t ha -1 ) for Israr Shaheed and Gomal correspondingly. In 2nd experiment, different sowing methods were tested on two wheat varieties Israr Shaheed and Gomal. Dry sowing followed by flooding produced tallest plants measuring (105.5 and 101.7 cm), maximum number of tillers (398.2 and 406.7 m -2 ), longest spikes (8.3 and 7.2 cm), maximum spikelets (29.8 and 35.5 spike -1 ), maximum number of grains (54.3 and 51.6 spike -1 ) and maximum grain yield (4.3 and 4.6 t ha -1 ) respectively for Israr Shaheed and Gomal. Israr Shaheed and Gomal showed maximum 1000-grain weights (45.3 and 45.0 g) in sprouted seeding in flooded fields respectively. The highest biological yield (13.6 t ha-1) was in dry seed in the flooded field while the maximum harvest index (33.5 and 33.9%) was recorded in soaked seed followed by flooding for Israr Shaheed and Gomal. In the last experiment, different seed rates were studied. The results showed that plants grown with seed rate 150 kg ha -1 showed the tallest plants at 111.0 and 111.7 cm, maximum number of tillers (411.6 and 408.2 m -2 ), longest spikes (7.8 and 7.7 cm), maximum spikelets (34.3 and 34.3 spike -1 ), maximum number of grains (50.8 and 47.2 spike -1 ), maximum grain yield (4.6 and 4.5 t ha -1 ) and maximum harvest index (38.4 and 36.7%) respectively for Israr Shaheed and Gomal. The maximum number of 1000-grains weight (g) was found on 200 and 250 kg ha -1 for Israr Shaheed and Goma-8, respectively giving 45.2 g while biological yield was the highest in 175 kg ha -1 respectively. Conclusively, the results indicated that yield and yield attributes in wheat were enhanced up to 150 kg ha -1 seed rate when interacted with farmyard manure priming along with dry sowing of seed followed by flooding. Future research should explore the integration of advanced irrigation techniques and nutrient management practices to further enhance wheat productivity in the Dera Ismail Khan region.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure priming gave the tallest plants, most tillers, longest spikes, most spikelets and grains, highest grain yield and harvest index in both varieties.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- Israr Shaheed and Gomale0
- Treatment
- Farmyard manure priminge0
- Outcome
- maximum grain yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Farmyard manure priming produced the tallest plants at 111.3 and 125.3 cm, the maximum number of tillers (335.7 and 345.0 m -2 ), longest spikes (8.6 and 7.6 cm), maximum spikelets (27.2 and 31.0 spike -1 ), maximum number of grains (45.5 and 48.7 spike -1 ), maximum grain yield (4.4 and 4.6 t ha -1 ) and maximum harvest index (38.7 and 41.5%) respectively for Israr Shaheed and Gomal”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost manure produced heavier grains than other interactions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- compost manuree0
- Outcome
- heavier grainse0
- Direction
- heaviere0
- Comparator
- other interactionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“compost manure produced heavier grains than other interactions (49.2 and 42.3 g)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium chloride gave maximum biological yield in both varieties.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sodium chloridee0
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sodium chloride showed the maximum biological yield (12.4 and 11.8 t ha -1 ) for Israr Shaheed and Gomal”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry sowing followed by flooding gave maximum grain yield and several yield components in both varieties.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Dry sowing followed by floodinge0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry sowing followed by flooding produced tallest plants measuring (105.5 and 101.7 cm), maximum number of tillers (398.2 and 406.7 m -2 ), longest spikes (8.3 and 7.2 cm), maximum spikelets (29.8 and 35.5 spike -1 ), maximum number of grains (54.3 and 51.6 spike -1 ) and maximum grain yield (4.3 and 4.6 t ha -1 ) respectively for Israr Shaheed and Gomal”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprouted seeding in flooded fields gave maximum 1000-grain weights.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- sprouted seeding in flooded fieldse0
- Outcome
- 1000-grain weightse0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Israr Shaheed and Gomal showed maximum 1000-grain weights (45.3 and 45.0 g) in sprouted seeding in flooded fields”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry seed in flooded field gave the highest biological yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- dry seed in the flooded fielde0
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 13.6 t ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest biological yield (13.6 t ha-1) was in dry seed in the flooded field”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaked seed followed by flooding gave maximum harvest index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- soaked seed followed by floodinge0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the maximum harvest index (33.5 and 33.9%) was recorded in soaked seed followed by flooding for Israr Shaheed and Gomal”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
A 150 kg ha -1 seed rate gave the tallest plants, most tillers, longest spikes, most spikelets and grains, highest grain yield and harvest index.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seed rate 150 kg ha -1e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants grown with seed rate 150 kg ha -1 showed the tallest plants at 111.0 and 111.7 cm, maximum number of tillers (411.6 and 408.2 m -2 ), longest spikes (7.8 and 7.7 cm), maximum spikelets (34.3 and 34.3 spike -1 ), maximum number of grains (50.8 and 47.2 spike -1 ), maximum grain yield (4.6 and 4.5 t ha -1 ) and maximum harvest index (38.4 and 36.7%) respectively for Israr Shaheed and Gomal”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed rates of 200 and 250 kg ha -1 gave maximum 1000-grain weight for Israr Shaheed and Goma-8 respectively.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 200 and 250 kg ha -1e0
- Outcome
- 1000-grains weighte0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 45.2 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum number of 1000-grains weight (g) was found on 200 and 250 kg ha -1 for Israr Shaheed and Goma-8, respectively giving 45.2 g”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Biological yield was highest at a 175 kg ha -1 seed rate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 175 kg ha -1e0
- Outcome
- biological yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biological yield was the highest in 175 kg ha -1”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that farmyard manure priming, dry sowing then flooding, and seed rate up to 150 kg ha -1 enhanced wheat yield attributes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- yield and yield attributese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield and yield attributes in wheat were enhanced up to 150 kg ha -1 seed rate when interacted with farmyard manure priming along with dry sowing of seed followed by flooding”
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