Abstract
Strawberries are susceptible to decay and destruction while being harvested and stored. This study had the following objectives: (1) the documentation of fungi and mycotoxin production associated with infected strawberry fruits; (2) the evaluation of the primary phytochemicals of Sargassum cinereum and Padina boergesenii by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis to identify the active chemical composition of the seaweed extracts; and (3) the assessment of the antifungal activity of five extracts from brown seaweeds both in vitro and in vivo against fungal infections on fresh fruit under post-harvest conditions. The most common fungi were Aspergillus niger 14.36%, Botrytis cinerea 38.29%, and Mucor irregularis 16.88%. Padina boergesenii acetone extract had the highest in vitro antifungal activity. The methanol extracts of both S. cinereum and P. boergesenii were effective against the pathogenicity and aggressiveness (in vivo) on post-harvest strawberry fruits. B. cinerea could produce botrydial and dihydrobotrydial toxins with concentrations of 8.14 µg/mL and 4.26 µg/mL, respectively. A. niger could produce ochratoxin A with a concentration of 10.05 µg/mL. The present study demonstrates that the extracts of macroalgae S. cinereum and P. boergesenii contain secondary metabolites and antioxidants, indicating their potential utilization in antifungal applications.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus niger accounted for 14.36% of common fungi associated with infected strawberry fruit.
- Taxon
- Strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Interactor
- Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus nigere0pathogen - Outcome
- Aspergillus nigere0
- Value
- 14.36%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Aspergillus niger 14.36%”
t0“Strawberry Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Botrytis cinerea accounted for 38.29% of common fungi associated with infected strawberry fruit.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- Botrytis cinereae0
- Value
- 38.29%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Botrytis cinerea 38.29%”
t0“Strawberry Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Mucor irregularis accounted for 16.88% of common fungi associated with infected strawberry fruit.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Mucor irregularisMucor irregularise0pathogen
- Outcome
- Mucor irregularise0
- Value
- 16.88%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mucor irregularis 16.88%”
t0“Strawberry Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
Padina boergesenii acetone extract had the highest in vitro antifungal activity.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Padina boergesenii acetone extracte0
- Interactor
- Padina boergesenii
Padina boergeseniie0other - Outcome
- antifungal activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Padina boergesenii acetone extract had the highest in vitro antifungal activity”
t0“Strawberry Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
S. cinereum methanol extract was effective against fungal pathogenicity and aggressiveness on postharvest strawberry fruit.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- methanol extracts of both S. cinereum and P. boergeseniie0
- Interactor
- S. cinereumSargassum cinereume0other
- Outcome
- pathogenicity and aggressivenesse0
- Direction
- effective againste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The methanol extracts of both S. cinereum and P. boergesenii were effective against the pathogenicity and aggressiveness (in vivo) on post-harvest strawberry fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
P. boergesenii methanol extract was effective against fungal pathogenicity and aggressiveness on postharvest strawberry fruit.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- methanol extracts of both S. cinereum and P. boergeseniie0
- Interactor
- P. boergeseniiPadina boergeseniie0other
- Outcome
- pathogenicity and aggressivenesse0
- Direction
- effective againste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The methanol extracts of both S. cinereum and P. boergesenii were effective against the pathogenicity and aggressiveness (in vivo) on post-harvest strawberry fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
B. cinerea produced botrydial at 8.14 µg/mL.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- botrydiale0
- Value
- 8.14 µg/mLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. cinerea could produce botrydial and dihydrobotrydial toxins with concentrations of 8.14 µg/mL and 4.26 µg/mL, respectively”
t0“Strawberry Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
B. cinerea produced dihydrobotrydial at 4.26 µg/mL.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Outcome
- dihydrobotrydiale0
- Value
- 4.26 µg/mLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. cinerea could produce botrydial and dihydrobotrydial toxins with concentrations of 8.14 µg/mL and 4.26 µg/mL, respectively”
t0“Strawberry Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
A. niger produced ochratoxin A at 10.05 µg/mL.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- A. nigerAspergillus nigere0pathogen
- Outcome
- ochratoxin Ae0
- Value
- 10.05 µg/mLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. niger could produce ochratoxin A with a concentration of 10.05 µg/mL”
t0“Strawberry Fruits”
Claim · model-written summary
S. cinereum extract contained secondary metabolites and antioxidants.
- Taxon
- S. cinereumSargassum cinereume0
- Outcome
- secondary metabolites and antioxidantse0
Verbatim
e0“extracts of macroalgae S. cinereum and P. boergesenii contain secondary metabolites and antioxidants”
Claim · model-written summary
P. boergesenii extract contained secondary metabolites and antioxidants.
- Taxon
- P. boergeseniiPadina boergeseniie0
- Outcome
- secondary metabolites and antioxidantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“extracts of macroalgae S. cinereum and P. boergesenii contain secondary metabolites and antioxidants”
The same questions in other papers
botanical · disease · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
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