Abstract
Inherently low concentrations of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), iodine (I), and selenium (Se) in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) grains represent a major cause of micronutrient malnutrition (hidden hunger) in human populations. Genetic biofortification represents a highly useful solution to this problem. However, genetic biofortification alone may not achieve desirable concentrations of micronutrients for human nutrition due to several soil- and plant-related factors. This study investigated the response of genetically biofortified high-Zn wheat genotypes to soil-applied Zn and foliarly applied Zn, I, and Se in India and Pakistan. The effect of soil-applied Zn (at the rate of 50 kg ha −1 as ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O) and foliar-applied Zn (0.5% ZnSO 4 ·7H 2 O), I (0.04% KIO 3 ), Se (0.001% Na 2 SeO 4 ), and a foliar cocktail (F-CT: combination of the above foliar solutions) on the grain concentrations of Zn, I, Se, and Fe of high-Zn wheat genotypes was investigated in field experiments over 2 years. The predominantly grown local wheat cultivars in both countries were also included as check cultivars. Wheat grain yield was not influenced by the micronutrient treatments at all field locations, except one location in Pakistan where F-CT resulted in increased grain yield. Foliar-applied Zn, I, and Se each significantly enhanced the grain concentration of the respective micronutrients. Combined application of these micronutrients was almost equally effective in enhancing grain Zn, I, and Se, but with a slight reduction in grain yield. Foliar-applied Zn, Zn+I, and F-CT also enhanced grain Fe. In India, high-Zn genotypes exhibited a minor grain yield penalty as compared with the local cultivar, whereas in Pakistan, high-Zn wheat genotypes could not produce grain yield higher than the local cultivar. The study demonstrates that there is a synergism between genetic and agronomic biofortification in enrichment of grains with micronutrients. Foliar Zn spray to Zn-biofortified genotypes provided additional increments in grain Zn of more than 15 mg kg −1 . Thus, combining agronomic and genetic strategies will raise grain Zn over 50 mg kg −1 . A combination of fertilization practice with plant breeding is strongly recommended to maximize accumulation of micronutrients in food crops and to make significant progress toward resolving the hidden hunger problem in human populations.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Micronutrient treatments did not influence wheat grain yield at most field locations.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- micronutrient treatmentse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- not influencede0
- Qualifier
- at all field locations, except one location in Pakistane0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat grain yield was not influenced by the micronutrient treatments at all field locations, except one location in Pakistan where F-CT resulted in increased grain yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
F-CT increased grain yield at one location in Pakistan.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- F-CTe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- Pakistane0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“except one location in Pakistan where F-CT resulted in increased grain yield.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn significantly increased grain Zn concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar-applied Zne0
- Outcome
- grain concentration of the respective micronutrientse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar-applied Zn, I, and Se each significantly enhanced the grain concentration of the respective micronutrients.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar I significantly increased grain I concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Ie0
- Outcome
- grain concentration of the respective micronutrientse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar-applied Zn, I, and Se each significantly enhanced the grain concentration of the respective micronutrients.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Se significantly increased grain Se concentration.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- See0
- Outcome
- grain concentration of the respective micronutrientse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar-applied Zn, I, and Se each significantly enhanced the grain concentration of the respective micronutrients.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined foliar micronutrients enhanced grain Zn, I and Se almost as effectively as individual applications.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Combined application of these micronutrientse0
- Outcome
- grain Zn, I, and See0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Comparator
- equallye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined application of these micronutrients was almost equally effective in enhancing grain Zn, I, and Se”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined foliar micronutrients caused a slight reduction in grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Combined application of these micronutrientse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- slighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined application of these micronutrients was almost equally effective in enhancing grain Zn, I, and Se, but with a slight reduction in grain yield.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn enhanced grain Fe.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Foliar-applied Zne0
- Outcome
- grain Fee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar-applied Zn, Zn+I, and F-CT also enhanced grain Fe.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn+I enhanced grain Fe.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn+Ie0
- Outcome
- grain Fee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar-applied Zn, Zn+I, and F-CT also enhanced grain Fe.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
F-CT enhanced grain Fe.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- F-CTe0
- Outcome
- grain Fee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar-applied Zn, Zn+I, and F-CT also enhanced grain Fe.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
High-Zn genotypes had a minor grain yield penalty versus the local cultivar in India.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- high-Zn genotypese0
- Outcome
- grain yield penaltye0
- Direction
- penaltye0
- Comparator
- the local cultivare0
- Setting
- Indiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In India, high-Zn genotypes exhibited a minor grain yield penalty as compared with the local cultivar”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
High-Zn genotypes did not exceed the local cultivar in grain yield in Pakistan.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- high-Zn wheat genotypese0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- could not produce grain yield highere0
- Comparator
- the local cultivare0
- Setting
- Pakistane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas in Pakistan, high-Zn wheat genotypes could not produce grain yield higher than the local cultivar.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Zn spray added more than 15 mg kg −1 grain Zn in Zn-biofortified genotypes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Zn-biofortified genotypese0
- Treatment
- Foliar Zn spraye0
- Outcome
- grain Zne0
- Direction
- incrementse0
- Value
- more than 15 mg kg −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar Zn spray to Zn-biofortified genotypes provided additional increments in grain Zn of more than 15 mg kg −1 .”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combining agronomic and genetic strategies is expected to raise grain Zn over 50 mg kg −1.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- grain Zne0
- Value
- over 50 mg kg −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combining agronomic and genetic strategies will raise grain Zn over 50 mg kg −1”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combining fertilization with breeding to maximize crop micronutrients.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- A combination of fertilization practice with plant breedinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A combination of fertilization practice with plant breeding is strongly recommended to maximize accumulation of micronutrients in food crops”
t0“wheat”
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