Abstract
Irrigation is the dominating strategy for achieving high yields and has a direct impact on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. As a result, optimizing irrigation methods is crucial for improving apple yield and resilience to drought while also diminishing greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI). However, the impact of changes in drip irrigation methods on GHG emissions, apple yield and drought resistance is unclear. We conducted a two-year field experiment to research the effects of surface drip irrigation (DI), subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), and no irrigation (CK) on soil GHG emissions (CH 4 , CO 2 , N 2 O), as well as the regulatory mechanisms of yield and root growth (root length density, diameter) in apple orchards. The results indicated that, compared to DI treatment, SDI treatment significantly ( p < 0.05) increased apple yield by 29.37–37.97 % and augmented root length density in deeper soil layers, especially in the 20–40 cm layer, where root length density increased by 70.0 %. Moreover, in comparison to DI treatment, SDI could decrease the cumulative CO 2 emission flux by 5.34–6.53 %, decrease the cumulative N 2 O emission flux by 14.41–18.51 %, enhance the cumulative CH 4 absorption flux by 14.82–26.51 %, and considerably ( p < 0.05) lower GHGI by 29.41–31.58 %. The correlation analysis results indicated a positive association between soil moisture and GHG emissions, with the most significant impact noted in the surface soil layer (0–20 cm). In contrast, increased soil moisture at depths of 40–80 cm was found to inhibit apple root length density. In summary, SDI can enhance apple yield, foster deep root development, and reduce GHG emissions. The research findings offer empirical evidence for the sustainable growth and ecological preservation of the apple industry. • Subsurface drip irrigation promoted the development of deep roots and improved the drought resilience of apple. • Subsurface drip irrigation reduced the cumulative emission fluxes of CO 2 and N 2 O. • Subsurface drip irrigation significantly increased apple yield and reduced GHGI.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Subsurface drip irrigation increased apple yield by 29.37–37.97 % relative to surface drip irrigation
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- SDI treatmente1
- Outcome
- apple yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 29.37–37.97 %e1
- Comparator
- DI treatmente1
- Setting
- two-year field experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improved root growth and yield in apple in semi-arid region”
e1“compared to DI treatment, SDI treatment significantly ( p < 0.05) increased apple yield by 29.37–37.97 %”
e0“We conducted a two-year field experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsurface drip irrigation increased root length density in the 20–40 cm soil layer by 70.0 %
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- 20–40 cm layere2
- Treatment
- SDI treatmente1
- Outcome
- root length densitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 70.0 %e2
- Comparator
- DI treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improved root growth and yield in apple in semi-arid region”
e1“compared to DI treatment, SDI treatment significantly ( p < 0.05) increased apple yield by 29.37–37.97 %”
e2“augmented root length density in deeper soil layers, especially in the 20–40 cm layer, where root length density increased by 70.0 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsurface drip irrigation decreased cumulative CO2 emission flux by 5.34–6.53 % relative to surface drip irrigation
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- SDIe3
- Outcome
- cumulative CO 2 emission fluxe3
- Direction
- decreasee3
- Value
- 5.34–6.53 %e3
- Comparator
- DI treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improved root growth and yield in apple in semi-arid region”
e3“in comparison to DI treatment, SDI could decrease the cumulative CO 2 emission flux by 5.34–6.53 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsurface drip irrigation decreased cumulative N2O emission flux by 14.41–18.51 % relative to surface drip irrigation
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- SDIe3
- Outcome
- cumulative N 2 O emission fluxe4
- Direction
- decreasee4
- Value
- 14.41–18.51 %e4
- Comparator
- DI treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improved root growth and yield in apple in semi-arid region”
e3“in comparison to DI treatment, SDI could decrease the cumulative CO 2 emission flux by 5.34–6.53 %”
e4“decrease the cumulative N 2 O emission flux by 14.41–18.51 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsurface drip irrigation enhanced cumulative CH4 absorption flux by 14.82–26.51 % relative to surface drip irrigation
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- SDIe3
- Outcome
- cumulative CH 4 absorption fluxe5
- Direction
- enhancee5
- Value
- 14.82–26.51 %e5
- Comparator
- DI treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improved root growth and yield in apple in semi-arid region”
e3“in comparison to DI treatment, SDI could decrease the cumulative CO 2 emission flux by 5.34–6.53 %”
e5“enhance the cumulative CH 4 absorption flux by 14.82–26.51 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsurface drip irrigation lowered GHG intensity by 29.41–31.58 % relative to surface drip irrigation
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- SDIe3
- Outcome
- GHGIe6
- Direction
- lowere6
- Value
- 29.41–31.58 %e6
- Comparator
- DI treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improved root growth and yield in apple in semi-arid region”
e3“in comparison to DI treatment, SDI could decrease the cumulative CO 2 emission flux by 5.34–6.53 %”
e6“considerably ( p < 0.05) lower GHGI by 29.41–31.58 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil moisture is positively associated with GHG emissions, most strongly in the surface soil layer
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- surface soil layer (0–20 cm)e6
- Treatment
- soil moisturee7
- Outcome
- GHG emissionse7
- Direction
- increaseinferrede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improved root growth and yield in apple in semi-arid region”
e7“The correlation analysis results indicated a positive association between soil moisture and GHG emissions”
e6“with the most significant impact noted in the surface soil layer (0–20 cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased soil moisture at 40–80 cm depth inhibits apple root length density
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- increased soil moisture at depths of 40–80 cme2
- Outcome
- apple root length densitye2
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“improved root growth and yield in apple in semi-arid region”
e2“increased soil moisture at depths of 40–80 cm was found to inhibit apple root length density”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.