Abstract
Salt stress (NaCl) is a major abiotic factor that severely affects plant growth and crop yield, with rice (Oryza sativa L.) being particularly vulnerable. Excessive soil salinity has been shown to significantly reduce rice productivity, posing a threat to global food security. To mitigate these adverse effects, research has increasingly focused on using nanomaterials to enhance plant tolerance to salt stress. This study investigates the potential of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and their hybrid form (SeNPs+MWCNTs) in alleviating NaCl-induced stress in rice plants exposed to 50 mM and 100 mM NaCl. Nanoparticle synthesis, hybridization, and localization in the foliar parts of the plants were confirmed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and fluorescence microscopy with methylene blue dye, respectively. Among the treatments, SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL) demonstrated the most promising effects, significantly enhancing various growth and yield parameters under saline conditions. Notably, this treatment improved shoot length (17%), root length (14%), and key yield traits, including shoot dry weight (32%), root dry weight (31%), total dry weight (32%), number of panicles (31%), panicle length (19%), panicle weight (22%), number of spikes per panicle (28%), spike length (18%), spike weight (19%), number of fertile spikelets (32%), and 100-grain weight (29%) compared to the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatments. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential application of nanomaterials for improving rice growth under saline stress. • Salt stress (50 mM and 100 mM) induced negative effects on rice plants. • Application of nanoforms at 160 µg/ml concentration mitigates salt-induced effects • Growth and yield characters of rice were significantly increased by SeNPs, MWCNTs, and SeNPs+MWCNTs under salt stress. • Treatment with SeNPs+MWCNTs showed significant results. • Synthesized nanoforms was characterized using FESEM and FTIR. • Fluorescence microscopy showed presence of nanoforms inside rice plants.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress harmed rice plants.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- Salt stress (50 mM and 100 mM)e0
- Outcome
- negative effects on rice plantse0
- Direction
- negative effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress (50 mM and 100 mM) induced negative effects on rice plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
The nanoforms at 160 µg/ml mitigated salt effects.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- nanoforms at 160 µg/ml concentratione0
- Outcome
- salt-induced effectse0
- Direction
- mitigatese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of nanoforms at 160 µg/ml concentration mitigates salt-induced effects”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
SeNPs increased rice growth and yield under salt stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SeNPse0
- Outcome
- Growth and yield characterse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- under salt stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth and yield characters of rice were significantly increased by SeNPs, MWCNTs, and SeNPs+MWCNTs under salt stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
MWCNTs increased rice growth and yield under salt stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- MWCNTse0
- Outcome
- Growth and yield characterse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth and yield characters of rice were significantly increased by SeNPs, MWCNTs, and SeNPs+MWCNTs under salt stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
The hybrid increased rice growth and yield under salt stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SeNPs+MWCNTse0
- Outcome
- Growth and yield characterse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Growth and yield characters of rice were significantly increased by SeNPs, MWCNTs, and SeNPs+MWCNTs under salt stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid treatment improved shoot length by 17% relative to individual treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)e1
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 17%e0
- Comparator
- the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Notably, this treatment improved shoot length (17%), root length (14%), and key yield traits, including shoot dry weight (32%), root dry weight (31%), total dry weight (32%), number of panicles (31%), panicle length (19%), panicle weight (22%), number of spikes per panicle (28%), spike length (18%), spike weight (19%), number of fertile spikelets (32%), and 100-grain weight (29%) compared to the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatments.”
e1“SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid treatment improved root length by 14% relative to individual treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)e1
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Comparator
- the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Notably, this treatment improved shoot length (17%), root length (14%), and key yield traits, including shoot dry weight (32%), root dry weight (31%), total dry weight (32%), number of panicles (31%), panicle length (19%), panicle weight (22%), number of spikes per panicle (28%), spike length (18%), spike weight (19%), number of fertile spikelets (32%), and 100-grain weight (29%) compared to the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatments.”
e1“SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid treatment improved shoot dry weight by 32% relative to individual treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)e1
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 32%e0
- Comparator
- the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Notably, this treatment improved shoot length (17%), root length (14%), and key yield traits, including shoot dry weight (32%), root dry weight (31%), total dry weight (32%), number of panicles (31%), panicle length (19%), panicle weight (22%), number of spikes per panicle (28%), spike length (18%), spike weight (19%), number of fertile spikelets (32%), and 100-grain weight (29%) compared to the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatments.”
e1“SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid treatment improved root dry weight by 31% relative to individual treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)e1
- Outcome
- root dry weighte0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 31%e0
- Comparator
- the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Notably, this treatment improved shoot length (17%), root length (14%), and key yield traits, including shoot dry weight (32%), root dry weight (31%), total dry weight (32%), number of panicles (31%), panicle length (19%), panicle weight (22%), number of spikes per panicle (28%), spike length (18%), spike weight (19%), number of fertile spikelets (32%), and 100-grain weight (29%) compared to the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatments.”
e1“SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid treatment improved total dry weight by 32% relative to individual treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)e1
- Outcome
- total dry weighte0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 32%e0
- Comparator
- the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Notably, this treatment improved shoot length (17%), root length (14%), and key yield traits, including shoot dry weight (32%), root dry weight (31%), total dry weight (32%), number of panicles (31%), panicle length (19%), panicle weight (22%), number of spikes per panicle (28%), spike length (18%), spike weight (19%), number of fertile spikelets (32%), and 100-grain weight (29%) compared to the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatments.”
e1“SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid treatment improved number of panicles by 31% relative to individual treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)e1
- Outcome
- number of paniclese0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 31%e0
- Comparator
- the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Notably, this treatment improved shoot length (17%), root length (14%), and key yield traits, including shoot dry weight (32%), root dry weight (31%), total dry weight (32%), number of panicles (31%), panicle length (19%), panicle weight (22%), number of spikes per panicle (28%), spike length (18%), spike weight (19%), number of fertile spikelets (32%), and 100-grain weight (29%) compared to the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatments.”
e1“SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid treatment improved panicle length by 19% relative to individual treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)e1
- Outcome
- panicle lengthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 19%e0
- Comparator
- the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Notably, this treatment improved shoot length (17%), root length (14%), and key yield traits, including shoot dry weight (32%), root dry weight (31%), total dry weight (32%), number of panicles (31%), panicle length (19%), panicle weight (22%), number of spikes per panicle (28%), spike length (18%), spike weight (19%), number of fertile spikelets (32%), and 100-grain weight (29%) compared to the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatments.”
e1“SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid treatment improved panicle weight by 22% relative to individual treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)e1
- Outcome
- panicle weighte0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 22%e0
- Comparator
- the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Notably, this treatment improved shoot length (17%), root length (14%), and key yield traits, including shoot dry weight (32%), root dry weight (31%), total dry weight (32%), number of panicles (31%), panicle length (19%), panicle weight (22%), number of spikes per panicle (28%), spike length (18%), spike weight (19%), number of fertile spikelets (32%), and 100-grain weight (29%) compared to the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatments.”
e1“SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid treatment improved number of spikes per panicle by 28% relative to individual treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)e1
- Outcome
- number of spikes per paniclee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Comparator
- the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Notably, this treatment improved shoot length (17%), root length (14%), and key yield traits, including shoot dry weight (32%), root dry weight (31%), total dry weight (32%), number of panicles (31%), panicle length (19%), panicle weight (22%), number of spikes per panicle (28%), spike length (18%), spike weight (19%), number of fertile spikelets (32%), and 100-grain weight (29%) compared to the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatments.”
e1“SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid treatment improved spike length by 18% relative to individual treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)e1
- Outcome
- spike lengthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 18%e0
- Comparator
- the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Notably, this treatment improved shoot length (17%), root length (14%), and key yield traits, including shoot dry weight (32%), root dry weight (31%), total dry weight (32%), number of panicles (31%), panicle length (19%), panicle weight (22%), number of spikes per panicle (28%), spike length (18%), spike weight (19%), number of fertile spikelets (32%), and 100-grain weight (29%) compared to the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatments.”
e1“SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid treatment improved spike weight by 19% relative to individual treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)e1
- Outcome
- spike weighte0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 19%e0
- Comparator
- the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Notably, this treatment improved shoot length (17%), root length (14%), and key yield traits, including shoot dry weight (32%), root dry weight (31%), total dry weight (32%), number of panicles (31%), panicle length (19%), panicle weight (22%), number of spikes per panicle (28%), spike length (18%), spike weight (19%), number of fertile spikelets (32%), and 100-grain weight (29%) compared to the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatments.”
e1“SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid treatment improved number of fertile spikelets by 32% relative to individual treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)e1
- Outcome
- number of fertile spikeletse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 32%e0
- Comparator
- the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Notably, this treatment improved shoot length (17%), root length (14%), and key yield traits, including shoot dry weight (32%), root dry weight (31%), total dry weight (32%), number of panicles (31%), panicle length (19%), panicle weight (22%), number of spikes per panicle (28%), spike length (18%), spike weight (19%), number of fertile spikelets (32%), and 100-grain weight (29%) compared to the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatments.”
e1“SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid treatment improved 100-grain weight by 29% relative to individual treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)e1
- Outcome
- 100-grain weighte0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 29%e0
- Comparator
- the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Notably, this treatment improved shoot length (17%), root length (14%), and key yield traits, including shoot dry weight (32%), root dry weight (31%), total dry weight (32%), number of panicles (31%), panicle length (19%), panicle weight (22%), number of spikes per panicle (28%), spike length (18%), spike weight (19%), number of fertile spikelets (32%), and 100-grain weight (29%) compared to the individual SeNPs and MWCNTs treatments.”
e1“SeNPs+MWCNTs hybrids (160 µg/mL)”
t0“rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluorescence microscopy detected nanoforms within rice plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- presence of nanoforms inside rice plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fluorescence microscopy showed presence of nanoforms inside rice plants.”
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