Abstract
Soil salinization threatens global agriculture, reducing crop productivity and food security. Developing strategies to improve salt tolerance is crucial for sustainable agriculture. This study examines the role of organic fertilizer in mitigating salt stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by integrating NDVI and metabolomics. Using salt-sensitive (19X) and salt-tolerant (HHZ) cultivars, we aimed to (1) evaluate changes in NDVI and metabolite content under salt stress, (2) assess the regulatory effects of organic fertilizer, and (3) identify key metabolites involved in stress response and fertilizer-induced regulation. Under salt stress, survival rate of the 19X plants dropped to 6%, while HHZ maintained 38%, with organic fertilizer increasing survival rate to 25% in 19X and 66% in HHZ. NDVI values declined sharply in 19X (from 0.56 to <0.25) but remained stable in HHZ (~0.56), showing a strong correlation with survival rate (R2 = 0.87, p < 0.01). NDVI provided a dynamic, non-destructive assessment of rice health, offering a faster and more precise evaluation of salt tolerance than survival rate analysis. Metabolomic analysis identified 12 key salt-tolerant metabolites, including citric acid, which is well recognized for regulating salt tolerance. HTPA, pipecolic acid, maleamic acid, and myristoleic acid have previously been reported but require further study. Additionally, seven novel salt-tolerant metabolites—tridecylic acid, propentofylline, octadeca penten-3-one, 14,16-dihydroxy-benzoxacyclotetradecine-dione, cyclopentadecanolide, HpODE, and (±)8,9-DiHETE—were discovered, warranting further investigation. Organic fertilizer alleviated salt stress through distinct metabolic mechanisms in each cultivar. In 19X, it enhanced antioxidant defenses and energy metabolism, mitigating oxidative damage and improving fatty acid metabolism. In contrast, HHZ primarily benefitted from improved membrane stability and ion homeostasis, reducing lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. These findings primarily support the identification and screening of salt-tolerant rice cultivars while also highlighting the need for cultivar-specific fertilization strategies to optimize stress resilience and crop performance. Based on the correlation analysis, 26 out of 53 differential metabolites were significantly correlated with NDVI, confirming a strong association between NDVI shifts and key metabolic changes in response to salt stress and organic fertilizer application. By integrating NDVI and metabolomics, this study provides a refined method for evaluating salt stress responses, capturing early NDVI changes and key salinity stress biomarkers. This approach may prove valuable for application in salt-tolerant variety screening, precision agriculture, and sustainable farming, contributing to scientific strategies for future crop improvement and agricultural resilience.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, survival of the salt-sensitive 19X rice dropped to 6%.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- 19Xe1
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- survival ratee1
- Direction
- droppede1
- Value
- 6%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“Under salt stress, survival rate of the 19X plants dropped to 6%, while HHZ maintained 38%”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, survival of the salt-tolerant HHZ rice was maintained at 38%.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Material
- HHZe1
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- survival ratee1
- Direction
- maintainede1
- Value
- 38%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“Under salt stress, survival rate of the 19X plants dropped to 6%, while HHZ maintained 38%”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer increased survival rate of 19X rice to 25%.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Material
- 19Xe2
- Treatment
- organic fertilizere2
- Outcome
- survival ratee2
- Direction
- increasinge2
- Value
- 25%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“organic fertilizer increasing survival rate to 25% in 19X and 66% in HHZ”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer increased survival rate of HHZ rice to 66%.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Material
- HHZe2
- Treatment
- organic fertilizere2
- Outcome
- survival ratee2
- Direction
- increasinge2
- Value
- 66%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e2“organic fertilizer increasing survival rate to 25% in 19X and 66% in HHZ”
Claim · model-written summary
NDVI of 19X rice declined from 0.56 to below 0.25 under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Material
- 19Xe3
- Outcome
- NDVI valuese3
- Direction
- declinede3
- Value
- from 0.56 to <0.25e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e3“NDVI values declined sharply in 19X (from 0.56 to <0.25) but remained stable in HHZ (~0.56)”
Claim · model-written summary
NDVI of HHZ rice remained stable at about 0.56 under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Material
- HHZe3
- Outcome
- NDVI valuese3
- Direction
- remained stablee3
- Value
- ~0.56e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e3“NDVI values declined sharply in 19X (from 0.56 to <0.25) but remained stable in HHZ (~0.56)”
Claim · model-written summary
NDVI showed a strong correlation with survival rate of rice under salt stress (R2 = 0.87, p < 0.01).
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- salt stresse1
- Outcome
- survival ratee4
- Value
- R2 = 0.87e4
- Qualifier
- p < 0.01e4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“Under salt stress, survival rate of the 19X plants dropped to 6%, while HHZ maintained 38%”
e4“showing a strong correlation with survival rate (R2 = 0.87, p < 0.01)”
Claim · model-written summary
NDVI gave a faster and more precise evaluation of rice salt tolerance than survival rate analysis.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Outcome
- faster and more precise evaluation of salt tolerancee5
- Comparator
- survival rate analysise5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e5“NDVI provided a dynamic, non-destructive assessment of rice health, offering a faster and more precise evaluation of salt tolerance than survival rate analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolomic analysis identified 12 key salt-tolerant metabolites in rice.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Outcome
- key salt-tolerant metabolitese6
- Value
- 12e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e6“Metabolomic analysis identified 12 key salt-tolerant metabolites”
Claim · model-written summary
Seven novel salt-tolerant metabolites were discovered in rice.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Outcome
- novel salt-tolerant metabolitese7
- Value
- sevene7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e7“Additionally, seven novel salt-tolerant metabolites”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer enhanced antioxidant defenses and energy metabolism in 19X rice under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Material
- 19Xe2
- Treatment
- Organic fertilizere1
- Outcome
- antioxidant defenses and energy metabolisme2
- Direction
- enhancede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“Organic fertilizer alleviated salt stress through distinct metabolic mechanisms in each cultivar”
e2“In 19X, it enhanced antioxidant defenses and energy metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer improved membrane stability and ion homeostasis in HHZ rice under salt stress.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Material
- HHZe2
- Treatment
- Organic fertilizere1
- Outcome
- membrane stability and ion homeostasise2
- Direction
- improvede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“Organic fertilizer alleviated salt stress through distinct metabolic mechanisms in each cultivar”
e2“In contrast, HHZ primarily benefitted from improved membrane stability and ion homeostasis”
Claim · model-written summary
Of 53 differential metabolites, 26 were significantly correlated with NDVI in rice.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Outcome
- differential metabolitese1
- Value
- 26 out of 53e1
- Qualifier
- significantly correlated with NDVIe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“Based on the correlation analysis, 26 out of 53 differential metabolites were significantly correlated with NDVI”
Claim · model-written summary
Integrating NDVI and metabolomics gives a refined method for evaluating rice salt stress responses, compared with survival rate analysis.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
- Outcome
- refined method for evaluating salt stress responsese1
- Comparator
- survival rate analysise5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
e1“By integrating NDVI and metabolomics, this study provides a refined method for evaluating salt stress responses”
e5“NDVI provided a dynamic, non-destructive assessment of rice health, offering a faster and more precise evaluation of salt tolerance than survival rate analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivar-specific fertilization strategies are needed to optimize stress resilience and crop performance in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- cultivar-specific fertilization strategiese1
- Qualifier
- to optimize stress resilience and crop performancee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“These findings primarily support the identification and screening of salt-tolerant rice cultivars while also highlighting the need for cultivar-specific fertilization strategies to optimize stress resilience and crop performance”
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