Abstract
Soil-water availability is the major yield determinant of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The objective of this investigation was to study the effects of organic manures vs. inorganic fertilizers on phenological, physiological and yield parameters under drought imposed at various reproductive stages of hybrid rice cv. NDRH-2. The vulnerability of various reproductive stages to drought was ranked as: gametogenesis>anthesis>grain-filling>dough formation>post-dough formation>whole grain. Drought-caused spikelet sterility was related more to injury to palea than to lemma, though the grain growth continued even after the death of palea and/or lemma. Organic manures enhanced the survival of flag leaf (55%) and second leaf (40%) against 31% in plants inorganically fertilized; and increased the number of filled grains by reducing spikelet sterility. Drought at 10 days before anthesis up to 5 days after it proved most harmful in the inorganically fertilized soil (IFS, i.e., control) than in the organically fertilized soil (OFS, i.e., green manure, compost). The net assimilation rate (NAR) varied from 925 (green manure) to 900 mg m−2 day−1(compost) against 888 mg m−2 day−1 in the control. The relative growth rate (RGR) was 4.6 for green manure and 4.4 mg g−1 day−1 for compost, which were higher than the RGR for the control (4.1 mg g−1 day−1). Grain yields [15.9 g (green manure) to 15.4 g (compost) hill−1 in OFS] were higher than the IFS grain yield (13.5 g hill−1), with the harvest indices in OFS [34.4% (green manure) to 34% (compost)] being higher than that in IFS (32.2%) at 10 days before heading. Thus, the use of organic manures enhanced drought tolerance, which minimized the reduction in NAR, RGR, and spikelet sterility, thereby stabilized grain yield under drought.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Drought vulnerability ranked from gametogenesis through whole grain stage.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Outcome
- vulnerability of various reproductive stages to droughte0
- Qualifier
- gametogenesis>anthesis>grain-filling>dough formation>post-dough formation>whole graine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The vulnerability of various reproductive stages to drought was ranked as: gametogenesis>anthesis>grain-filling>dough formation>post-dough formation>whole grain”
t0“hybrid rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought induced spikelet sterility was more related to palea injury than lemma injury.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- paleae0
- Outcome
- spikelet sterilitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought-caused spikelet sterility was related more to injury to palea than to lemma”
t0“hybrid rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain growth continued after palea or lemma death.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- grain growth continuede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the grain growth continued even after the death of palea and/or lemma”
t0“hybrid rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manures enhanced flag leaf survival to 55% versus 31% with inorganic fertilizer.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Organic manurese0
- Outcome
- survival of flag leafe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 55%e0
- Qualifier
- 31%e0
- Comparator
- plants inorganically fertilizede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic manures enhanced the survival of flag leaf (55%) and second leaf (40%) against 31% in plants inorganically fertilized”
t0“hybrid rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manures enhanced second leaf survival to 40% versus 31% with inorganic fertilizer.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Organic manurese0
- Outcome
- second leafe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Comparator
- plants inorganically fertilizede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic manures enhanced the survival of flag leaf (55%) and second leaf (40%) against 31% in plants inorganically fertilized”
t0“hybrid rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manures increased filled grains by reducing spikelet sterility.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- number of filled grainse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the number of filled grains by reducing spikelet sterility”
t0“hybrid rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought around anthesis was most harmful in inorganically fertilized soil relative to organically fertilized soil.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Drought at 10 days before anthesis up to 5 days after ite0
- Outcome
- most harmfule0
- Direction
- most harmfule0
- Comparator
- organically fertilized soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought at 10 days before anthesis up to 5 days after it proved most harmful in the inorganically fertilized soil (IFS, i.e., control) than in the organically fertilized soil (OFS, i.e., green manure, compost)”
t0“hybrid rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure produced NAR of 925 mg m−2 day−1 against 888 in control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- green manuree0
- Outcome
- net assimilation ratee0
- Value
- 925e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net assimilation rate (NAR) varied from 925 (green manure) to 900 mg m−2 day−1(compost) against 888 mg m−2 day−1 in the control”
t0“hybrid rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost produced NAR of 900 mg m−2 day−1 against 888 in control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- composte0
- Outcome
- net assimilation ratee0
- Value
- 900 mg m−2 day−1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The net assimilation rate (NAR) varied from 925 (green manure) to 900 mg m−2 day−1(compost) against 888 mg m−2 day−1 in the control”
t0“hybrid rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure RGR was 4.6 versus 4.1 in control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- green manuree0
- Outcome
- relative growth ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4.6e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relative growth rate (RGR) was 4.6 for green manure and 4.4 mg g−1 day−1 for compost, which were higher than the RGR for the control (4.1 mg g−1 day−1)”
t0“hybrid rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost RGR was 4.4 mg g−1 day−1 versus 4.1 in control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- composte0
- Outcome
- relative growth ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4.4 mg g−1 day−1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relative growth rate (RGR) was 4.6 for green manure and 4.4 mg g−1 day−1 for compost, which were higher than the RGR for the control (4.1 mg g−1 day−1)”
t0“hybrid rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure yielded 15.9 g hill−1 versus 13.5 g hill−1 in control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- green manuree0
- Outcome
- Grain yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 15.9 ge0
- Comparator
- IFSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yields [15.9 g (green manure) to 15.4 g (compost) hill−1 in OFS] were higher than the IFS grain yield (13.5 g hill−1)”
t0“hybrid rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost yielded 15.4 g hill−1 versus 13.5 g hill−1 in control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- composte0
- Outcome
- Grain yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 15.4 ge0
- Comparator
- IFSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yields [15.9 g (green manure) to 15.4 g (compost) hill−1 in OFS] were higher than the IFS grain yield (13.5 g hill−1)”
t0“hybrid rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure harvest index was 34.4% versus 32.2% in control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- green manuree0
- Outcome
- harvest indicese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 34.4%e0
- Comparator
- IFSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“harvest indices in OFS [34.4% (green manure) to 34% (compost)] being higher than that in IFS (32.2%)”
t0“hybrid rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost harvest index was 34% versus 32.2% in control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- composte0
- Outcome
- harvest indicese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 34%e0
- Comparator
- IFSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“harvest indices in OFS [34.4% (green manure) to 34% (compost)] being higher than that in IFS (32.2%)”
t0“hybrid rice”
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