Abstract
The gravitropic growth of roots is crucial for plants to adapt to terrestrial environments and acquire nutrients from the soil. Tomatoes are a vital economic crop that requires abundant water and nutrients for growth and development. However, there are few reports on the regulatory mechanisms of tomato root gravitropism, particularly auxin-mediated root gravitropic growth. Here, we revealed the signaling pathway of auxin regulating tomato root gravity response through exogenous auxin and auxin inhibitor treatment combined with transcriptome profiling. Our data underscore the necessity of auxin biosynthesis, transport, and optimal levels for the gravitropic growth of tomato roots. Treatment with exogenous auxin or auxin biosynthesis inhibitors diminished gravitropic response in tomato roots. Conversely, treatment with an auxin transport inhibitor led to a robust agravitropic response. Furthermore, we observed that auxin controls root gravitropic growth by establishing concentration gradients and influences root perception of gravity signals by positively regulating starch granule accumulation. Treatment with the exogenous auxin NAA heightened starch synthesis, while exogenous application of the auxin biosynthesis inhibitor yucasin dampened starch synthesis in tomato roots. Our study observed a slow gravitropic response in cultivated cherry tomato (Aisheng) roots. Time series analysis showed that tomato roots bend toward gravity at a slower rate. Transcriptome analysis revealed that many (2770) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in roots following 36 h of gravity stimulation. In contrast, only 58 DEGs were detected after 3 h of gravity stimulation, further supporting the slow gravitropic response phenotype of tomato roots. GO and KEGG analysis highlighted auxin response, starch and sugar metabolism, and cell wall modification as the major regulatory pathways involved in the gravitropic response and growth of tomato roots. Our results indicate that auxin mediates root sensing of gravity signals through feedback regulation of starch accumulation and controls root gravitropic bending by regulating the expression of cell wall modification-related genes.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin biosynthesis, transport and optimal levels are necessary for tomato root gravitropic growth.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Compound
- auxine0
- Outcome
- gravitropic growthe0
- Qualifier
- biosynthesis, transport, and optimal levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our data underscore the necessity of auxin biosynthesis, transport, and optimal levels for the gravitropic growth of tomato roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous auxin diminished tomato root gravitropic response.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- exogenous auxine0
- Outcome
- gravitropic responsee0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with exogenous auxin or auxin biosynthesis inhibitors diminished gravitropic response in tomato roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin biosynthesis inhibitors diminished tomato root gravitropic response.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- auxin biosynthesis inhibitorse0
- Outcome
- gravitropic responsee0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with exogenous auxin or auxin biosynthesis inhibitors diminished gravitropic response in tomato roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
An auxin transport inhibitor produced a robust agravitropic response.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- auxin transport inhibitore0
- Outcome
- robust agravitropic responsee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, treatment with an auxin transport inhibitor led to a robust agravitropic response.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin controls root gravitropic growth through concentration gradients.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- auxine0
- Outcome
- root gravitropic growthe0
- Qualifier
- establishing concentration gradientse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“auxin controls root gravitropic growth by establishing concentration gradients”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin regulates gravity perception through positive regulation and feedback control of starch accumulation.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- auxine1
- Outcome
- root sensing of gravity signalse1
- Qualifier
- feedback regulation of starch accumulatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“influences root perception of gravity signals by positively regulating starch granule accumulation.”
e1“Our results indicate that auxin mediates root sensing of gravity signals through feedback regulation of starch accumulation”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous NAA heightened starch synthesis.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- exogenous auxin NAAe0
- Outcome
- starch synthesise0
- Direction
- heightenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment with the exogenous auxin NAA heightened starch synthesis, while exogenous application of the auxin biosynthesis inhibitor yucasin dampened starch synthesis in tomato roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous yucasin dampened tomato root starch synthesis.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of the auxin biosynthesis inhibitor yucasine0
- Outcome
- starch synthesise0
- Direction
- dampenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous application of the auxin biosynthesis inhibitor yucasin dampened starch synthesis in tomato roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivated cherry tomato Aisheng roots showed a slow gravitropic response, supported by time-series bending analysis.
- Taxon
- cherry tomato
Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformee0 - Material
- Aishenge0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- gravitropic responsee0
- Direction
- slowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our study observed a slow gravitropic response in cultivated cherry tomato (Aisheng) roots. Time series analysis showed that tomato roots bend toward gravity at a slower rate.”
Claim · model-written summary
After 36 h of gravity stimulation, tomato roots had 2770 differentially expressed genes.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- differentially expressed genese0
- Value
- 2770e0
- Qualifier
- following 36 h of gravity stimulatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcriptome analysis revealed that many (2770) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in roots following 36 h of gravity stimulation.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
After 3 h of gravity stimulation, only 58 differentially expressed genes were detected.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- DEGse0
- Value
- 58e0
- Qualifier
- after 3 h of gravity stimulatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, only 58 DEGs were detected after 3 h of gravity stimulation, further supporting the slow gravitropic response phenotype of tomato roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
GO and KEGG analysis highlighted auxin response, starch and sugar metabolism, and cell wall modification as major regulatory pathways.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- auxin response, starch and sugar metabolism, and cell wall modificatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GO and KEGG analysis highlighted auxin response, starch and sugar metabolism, and cell wall modification as the major regulatory pathways involved in the gravitropic response and growth of tomato roots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin controls gravitropic bending through expression regulation of cell wall modification genes.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- auxine0
- Outcome
- root gravitropic bendinge0
- Qualifier
- regulating the expression of cell wall modification-related genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“auxin mediates root sensing of gravity signals through feedback regulation of starch accumulation and controls root gravitropic bending by regulating the expression of cell wall modification-related genes.”
t0“Tomato”
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