Abstract
Straw return with optimizing nitrogen fertilizer is an important way to achieve sustainable cotton farming. However, quantitative analysis of joint fertilization efficacy (JFE) of straw return and nitrogen fertilizer on soil quality and seedcotton yield remains uncertain. Herein, based on a 7-year field experiment, we evaluated the dynamic characteristics of JFE of straw return and nitrogen rates (75, 150 and 300 kg N ha −1 , denote as N75, N150 and N300, respectively) on soil quality index (JFE-SQI) and seedcotton yield (JFE-Y) in a cotton–wheat cropping system of East China. The results showed that straw return with moderate nitrogen rate (i.e.N150) improved soil quality by reducing bulk density, increasing soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration, promoting nutrient availability, stimulating microbial growth and enhancing soil enzyme activities, thereby improving seedcotton yield and its stability. Straw return with N150 could also achieve higher JFE-SQI and JFE-Y synergistically. Meanwhile, JFE-SQI and JFE-Y at N150 had a synergistic effect (JFE > 10%) in the first 5 year while a summing effect (−10% ≤ JFE ≤ 10%) from the sixth year. And the highest JFE-Y could be reached when moderate JFE-SQI was achieved, indicating that there was a nitrogen-driven tradeoff between JFE-SQI and JFE-Y. Moreover, Climatic factor exerted a significant contribution to seedcotton yield and JFE-Y. In conclusion, reasonable straw return and nitrogen fertilizer management strategy is an effective way to realize sustainable cotton planting under the global climate change. • Joint fertilization efficacies (JFE) on SQI and seedcotton yield were quantified. • There was nitrogen-driven tradeoff between JFE-seedcotton yield and JFE-SQI. • JFE-SQI and JFE-seedcotton yield were higher under straw return with 150 kg N ha \protect elax \special {t4ht=−}1 . • Climatic factor exerted a significant contribution to JFE-seedcotton yield. • JFE evaluation was an effective way to determine sustainable cotton farming.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return with N150 reducing bulk density.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- straw return with moderate nitrogen rate (i.e.N150)e0
- Outcome
- bulk densitye0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“straw return with moderate nitrogen rate (i.e.N150) improved soil quality by reducing bulk density, increasing soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration, promoting nutrient availability, stimulating microbial growth and enhancing soil enzyme activities, thereby improving seedcotton yield and its stability.”
t0“seedcotton yield for sustainable cotton farming”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return with N150 increasing soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- straw return with moderate nitrogen rate (i.e.N150)e0
- Outcome
- soil carbon and nitrogen sequestratione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“straw return with moderate nitrogen rate (i.e.N150) improved soil quality by reducing bulk density, increasing soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration, promoting nutrient availability, stimulating microbial growth and enhancing soil enzyme activities, thereby improving seedcotton yield and its stability.”
t0“seedcotton yield for sustainable cotton farming”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return with N150 promoting nutrient availability.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- straw return with moderate nitrogen rate (i.e.N150)e0
- Outcome
- nutrient availabilitye0
- Direction
- promotinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“straw return with moderate nitrogen rate (i.e.N150) improved soil quality by reducing bulk density, increasing soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration, promoting nutrient availability, stimulating microbial growth and enhancing soil enzyme activities, thereby improving seedcotton yield and its stability.”
t0“seedcotton yield for sustainable cotton farming”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return with N150 stimulating microbial growth.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- straw return with moderate nitrogen rate (i.e.N150)e0
- Outcome
- microbial growthe0
- Direction
- stimulatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“straw return with moderate nitrogen rate (i.e.N150) improved soil quality by reducing bulk density, increasing soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration, promoting nutrient availability, stimulating microbial growth and enhancing soil enzyme activities, thereby improving seedcotton yield and its stability.”
t0“seedcotton yield for sustainable cotton farming”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return with N150 enhancing soil enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- straw return with moderate nitrogen rate (i.e.N150)e0
- Outcome
- soil enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“straw return with moderate nitrogen rate (i.e.N150) improved soil quality by reducing bulk density, increasing soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration, promoting nutrient availability, stimulating microbial growth and enhancing soil enzyme activities, thereby improving seedcotton yield and its stability.”
t0“seedcotton yield for sustainable cotton farming”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return with N150 improving seedcotton yield and its stability.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- straw return with moderate nitrogen rate (i.e.N150)e0
- Outcome
- seedcotton yield and its stabilitye0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“straw return with moderate nitrogen rate (i.e.N150) improved soil quality by reducing bulk density, increasing soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration, promoting nutrient availability, stimulating microbial growth and enhancing soil enzyme activities, thereby improving seedcotton yield and its stability.”
t0“seedcotton yield for sustainable cotton farming”
Claim · model-written summary
Straw return with N150 produced higher JFE-SQI and JFE-Y.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Straw return with N150e0
- Outcome
- JFE-SQI and JFE-Ye0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Straw return with N150 could also achieve higher JFE-SQI and JFE-Y synergistically.”
t0“seedcotton yield for sustainable cotton farming”
Claim · model-written summary
At N150, joint fertilization was synergistic in the first five years.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- synergistic effecte0
- Value
- JFE > 10%e0
- Qualifier
- first 5 yeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“JFE-SQI and JFE-Y at N150 had a synergistic effect (JFE > 10%) in the first 5 year while a summing effect (−10% ≤ JFE ≤ 10%) from the sixth year.”
t0“seedcotton yield for sustainable cotton farming”
Claim · model-written summary
At N150, joint fertilization had a summing effect from year six.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- summing effecte0
- Value
- −10% ≤ JFE ≤ 10%e0
- Qualifier
- from the sixth yeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“JFE-SQI and JFE-Y at N150 had a synergistic effect (JFE > 10%) in the first 5 year while a summing effect (−10% ≤ JFE ≤ 10%) from the sixth year.”
t0“seedcotton yield for sustainable cotton farming”
Claim · model-written summary
Highest JFE-Y occurred with moderate JFE-SQI, indicating a nitrogen-driven tradeoff.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- JFE-Ye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- JFE-SQIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest JFE-Y could be reached when moderate JFE-SQI was achieved, indicating that there was a nitrogen-driven tradeoff between JFE-SQI and JFE-Y.”
t0“seedcotton yield for sustainable cotton farming”
Claim · model-written summary
Climate contributed significantly to seedcotton yield and JFE-Y.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- seedcotton yield and JFE-Ye0
- Setting
- Climatic factore0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Climatic factor exerted a significant contribution to seedcotton yield and JFE-Y.”
t0“seedcotton yield for sustainable cotton farming”
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See all 343 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.