Abstract
Abstract Arsenate (As) pollution poses severe health issues due to its non-essentiality and mobility through food chains. The current investigation was conducted to study the stimulating capacity of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) to impede As toxicity in fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of AGE revealed the presence of organosulfur and phenolic compounds. The irrigation with 50 mM As hampered the morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits of fenugreek. As-induced toxicity increased levels of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), hydroxyl radical (OH • ) , and lipid peroxidation. The modified antioxidative machinery and increased osmolyte levels (amino acids, proline, and glycine betaine) were recorded following As application. Furthermore, As disrupted the ultrastructure of chloroplasts, mitochondria, cellular membranes, cell walls, and xylem vessels. AGE priming reduced As accumulation and restored plant growth, photosynthetic traits, and metabolic constituents. The antioxidative potential of AGE bioactive components upregulated enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and maintained the normal cell redox status of As-stressed fenugreek plants. Furthermore, AGE priming promoted superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) activities, limiting reactive oxygen species burst and membrane leakage. Additionally, AGE priming effectively restored normal ultrastructural compartments and cellular turgidity, preventing cell apoptotic symptoms and reducing As-induced cellular toxicity. The stimulatory potential of AGE can be assigned to its antioxidant components, which reduce oxidative stress and boost ROS detoxification mechanisms including the ascorbate–glutathione (ASA-GSH) cycle. Thus, As negatively impacted fenugreek, increased oxidative stress and disrupted cellular structures, but AGE priming countered As effects by enhancing antioxidants and cellular integrity, supporting plant recovery. Graphical Abstract
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract contained organosulfur and phenolic compounds.
- Taxon
- Fenugreek
Trigonella foenum-graecumt0 - Outcome
- presence of organosulfur and phenolic compoundse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of AGE revealed the presence of organosulfur and phenolic compounds”
t0“Fenugreek Seedlings Using Garlic Extract”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenate irrigation hampered morphological, physiological and biochemical traits.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- 50 mM Ase0
- Outcome
- morphological, physiological, and biochemical traitse0
- Direction
- hamperede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The irrigation with 50 mM As hampered the morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits of fenugreek”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenate increased hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and lipid peroxidation.
- Taxon
- FenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- As-induced toxicitye0
- Outcome
- levels of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), hydroxyl radical (OH • ) , and lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As-induced toxicity increased levels of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), hydroxyl radical (OH • ) , and lipid peroxidation”
t0“Fenugreek Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenate modified antioxidative machinery.
- Taxon
- FenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- As applicatione0
- Outcome
- antioxidative machinerye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The modified antioxidative machinery and increased osmolyte levels (amino acids, proline, and glycine betaine) were recorded following As application”
t0“Fenugreek Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenate increased osmolyte levels.
- Taxon
- FenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- As applicatione0
- Outcome
- osmolyte levels (amino acids, proline, and glycine betaine)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased osmolyte levels (amino acids, proline, and glycine betaine) were recorded following As application”
t0“Fenugreek Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Arsenate disrupted cellular ultrastructure.
- Taxon
- FenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Treatment
- Ase0
- Outcome
- ultrastructure of chloroplasts, mitochondria, cellular membranes, cell walls, and xylem vesselse0
- Direction
- disruptede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As disrupted the ultrastructure of chloroplasts, mitochondria, cellular membranes, cell walls, and xylem vessels”
t0“Fenugreek Seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract priming reduced arsenate accumulation.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume1
- Treatment
- AGE priminge0
- Outcome
- As accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AGE priming reduced As accumulation and restored plant growth, photosynthetic traits, and metabolic constituents”
e1“fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract priming restored growth, photosynthesis and metabolic constituents.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume1
- Treatment
- AGE priminge0
- Outcome
- plant growth, photosynthetic traits, and metabolic constituentse0
- Direction
- restorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AGE priming reduced As accumulation and restored plant growth, photosynthetic traits, and metabolic constituents”
e1“fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract upregulated enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- AGE bioactive componentse0
- Outcome
- enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidantse0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AGE bioactive components upregulated enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and maintained the normal cell redox status of As-stressed fenugreek plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract maintained normal cell redox status.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume0
- Treatment
- AGE bioactive componentse0
- Outcome
- normal cell redox statuse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AGE bioactive components upregulated enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and maintained the normal cell redox status of As-stressed fenugreek plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract priming promoted SOD and APOX activity.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume1
- Treatment
- AGE priminge0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) activitiese0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AGE priming promoted superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) activities”
e1“fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract priming limited reactive oxygen species burst and membrane leakage.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume1
- Treatment
- AGE priminge0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species burst and membrane leakagee0
- Direction
- limitinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AGE priming promoted superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) activities, limiting reactive oxygen species burst and membrane leakage”
e1“fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract priming restored ultrastructural compartments and cellular turgidity.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume1
- Treatment
- AGE priminge0
- Outcome
- normal ultrastructural compartments and cellular turgiditye0
- Direction
- restorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AGE priming effectively restored normal ultrastructural compartments and cellular turgidity”
e1“fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract priming prevented apoptotic symptoms and reduced arsenate cellular toxicity.
- Taxon
- fenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecume1
- Treatment
- AGE priminge0
- Outcome
- cell apoptotic symptoms and reducing As-induced cellular toxicitye0
- Direction
- preventinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AGE priming effectively restored normal ultrastructural compartments and cellular turgidity, preventing cell apoptotic symptoms and reducing As-induced cellular toxicity”
e1“fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed garlic extract benefit to antioxidant components that reduce oxidative stress and boost detoxification.
- Taxon
- FenugreekTrigonella foenum-graecumt0
- Outcome
- stimulatory potential of AGEe0
- Qualifier
- antioxidant componentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The stimulatory potential of AGE can be assigned to its antioxidant components, which reduce oxidative stress and boost ROS detoxification mechanisms including the ascorbate–glutathione (ASA-GSH) cycle”
t0“Fenugreek Seedlings”
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botanical · disease · Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek)Results agree
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.