Abstract
BACKGROUND: Alkaline soils present significant challenges for sustainable agriculture, especially in regions where zinc deficiency limits both crop productivity and human nutrition. In this context, managing organic matter and micronutrient deficient soils is becoming a hot burning issue for the scientific community for ensuring both soil health and the food web. This study aims to investigate the potential impact of compost (CP), rice husk (RH), and zinc (Zn) amendments on zinc fortification in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated in calcareous soils. The goal is to enhance the availability and uptake of zinc, thereby improving the nutritional quality of wheat grains. The experiment was conducted at the Ghazi University experimental farm, with eight treatments and three replicates. Each studied pot comprising 5 kg of sandy clay loam textured soil with "Akbar" variety of wheat as the test plant. RESULTS: The results of the study revealed highly significant improvements in all measured traits. The combined application of compost, rice husk, and zinc led to substantial increases in plant height (19.9%), spike length (59%), number of spikelet's (36%), 1000-grain weight (24%), and grain zinc content (48.9%) compared to the control. Furthermore, significant enhancements in chlorophyll content, nitrogen, potassium, and zinc levels in the plant were estimated after Zn addition along with compost and rice husk. CONCLUSION: The combination of RH with Zn exhibited the promising effects on wheat growth and yield. Moreover, the combined effect of RH and CP along with Zn expressed the highest performance in overall plant growth, increased soil organic matter, increased zinc concentrations in alkaline soil as well as in the grain of wheat. In addition, available phosphorus and potassium contents were also enhanced in zinc-deficient soil. This study provides the future directions to determine the effectual methods of Zn application for increasing the absorption and accumulation of Zn in wheat grains to address the human's demand.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
plant height increased 19.9% under combined compost, rice husk and zinc relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Triticum aestivume1 - Material
- Akbare2
- Treatment
- combined application of compost, rice husk, and zince0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 19.9%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of compost, rice husk, and zinc led to substantial increases in plant height (19.9%), spike length (59%), number of spikelet's (36%), 1000-grain weight (24%), and grain zinc content (48.9%) compared to the control.”
t0“wheat growth and zinc uptake”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated in calcareous soils”
e2“"Akbar" variety of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
spike length increased 59% under combined compost, rice husk and zinc relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Material
- Akbare2
- Treatment
- combined application of compost, rice husk, and zince0
- Outcome
- spike lengthe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 59%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of compost, rice husk, and zinc led to substantial increases in plant height (19.9%), spike length (59%), number of spikelet's (36%), 1000-grain weight (24%), and grain zinc content (48.9%) compared to the control.”
t0“wheat growth and zinc uptake”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated in calcareous soils”
e2“"Akbar" variety of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
number of spikelet's increased 36% under combined compost, rice husk and zinc relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Material
- Akbare2
- Treatment
- combined application of compost, rice husk, and zince0
- Outcome
- number of spikelet'se0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 36%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of compost, rice husk, and zinc led to substantial increases in plant height (19.9%), spike length (59%), number of spikelet's (36%), 1000-grain weight (24%), and grain zinc content (48.9%) compared to the control.”
t0“wheat growth and zinc uptake”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated in calcareous soils”
e2“"Akbar" variety of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
1000-grain weight increased 24% under combined compost, rice husk and zinc relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Material
- Akbare2
- Treatment
- combined application of compost, rice husk, and zince0
- Outcome
- 1000-grain weighte0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 24%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of compost, rice husk, and zinc led to substantial increases in plant height (19.9%), spike length (59%), number of spikelet's (36%), 1000-grain weight (24%), and grain zinc content (48.9%) compared to the control.”
t0“wheat growth and zinc uptake”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated in calcareous soils”
e2“"Akbar" variety of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
grain zinc content increased 48.9% under combined compost, rice husk and zinc relative to control.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Material
- Akbare2
- Treatment
- combined application of compost, rice husk, and zince0
- Outcome
- grain zinc contente0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 48.9%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined application of compost, rice husk, and zinc led to substantial increases in plant height (19.9%), spike length (59%), number of spikelet's (36%), 1000-grain weight (24%), and grain zinc content (48.9%) compared to the control.”
t0“wheat growth and zinc uptake”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated in calcareous soils”
e2“"Akbar" variety of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
chlorophyll content increased after zinc, compost and rice husk application.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Zn addition along with compost and rice huske0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- enhancementse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, significant enhancements in chlorophyll content, nitrogen, potassium, and zinc levels in the plant were estimated after Zn addition along with compost and rice husk.”
t0“wheat growth and zinc uptake”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated in calcareous soils”
e2“"Akbar" variety of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
nitrogen increased after zinc, compost and rice husk application.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Zn addition along with compost and rice huske0
- Outcome
- nitrogene0
- Direction
- enhancementse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, significant enhancements in chlorophyll content, nitrogen, potassium, and zinc levels in the plant were estimated after Zn addition along with compost and rice husk.”
t0“wheat growth and zinc uptake”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated in calcareous soils”
e2“"Akbar" variety of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
potassium increased after zinc, compost and rice husk application.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Zn addition along with compost and rice huske0
- Outcome
- potassiume0
- Direction
- enhancementse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, significant enhancements in chlorophyll content, nitrogen, potassium, and zinc levels in the plant were estimated after Zn addition along with compost and rice husk.”
t0“wheat growth and zinc uptake”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated in calcareous soils”
e2“"Akbar" variety of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
zinc levels in the plant increased after zinc, compost and rice husk application.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- Zn addition along with compost and rice huske0
- Outcome
- zinc levels in the plante0
- Direction
- enhancementse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, significant enhancements in chlorophyll content, nitrogen, potassium, and zinc levels in the plant were estimated after Zn addition along with compost and rice husk.”
t0“wheat growth and zinc uptake”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated in calcareous soils”
e2“"Akbar" variety of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
overall plant growth improved with RH, CP and Zn.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- RH and CP along with Zne0
- Outcome
- overall plant growthe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, the combined effect of RH and CP along with Zn expressed the highest performance in overall plant growth, increased soil organic matter, increased zinc concentrations in alkaline soil as well as in the grain of wheat.”
t0“wheat growth and zinc uptake”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated in calcareous soils”
e2“"Akbar" variety of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
soil organic matter improved with RH, CP and Zn.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- RH and CP along with Zne0
- Outcome
- soil organic mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, the combined effect of RH and CP along with Zn expressed the highest performance in overall plant growth, increased soil organic matter, increased zinc concentrations in alkaline soil as well as in the grain of wheat.”
t0“wheat growth and zinc uptake”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated in calcareous soils”
e2“"Akbar" variety of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
zinc concentrations in alkaline soil improved with RH, CP and Zn.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- RH and CP along with Zne0
- Outcome
- zinc concentrations in alkaline soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, the combined effect of RH and CP along with Zn expressed the highest performance in overall plant growth, increased soil organic matter, increased zinc concentrations in alkaline soil as well as in the grain of wheat.”
t0“wheat growth and zinc uptake”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated in calcareous soils”
e2“"Akbar" variety of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
grain of wheat improved with RH, CP and Zn.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- RH and CP along with Zne0
- Outcome
- grain of wheate0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, the combined effect of RH and CP along with Zn expressed the highest performance in overall plant growth, increased soil organic matter, increased zinc concentrations in alkaline soil as well as in the grain of wheat.”
t0“wheat growth and zinc uptake”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated in calcareous soils”
e2“"Akbar" variety of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
available phosphorus in zinc deficient soil was enhanced.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- available phosphoruse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- in zinc-deficient soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, available phosphorus and potassium contents were also enhanced in zinc-deficient soil.”
t0“wheat growth and zinc uptake”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated in calcareous soils”
e2“"Akbar" variety of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
potassium contents in zinc deficient soil was enhanced.
- Taxon
- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Triticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- potassium contentse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- in zinc-deficient soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, available phosphorus and potassium contents were also enhanced in zinc-deficient soil.”
t0“wheat growth and zinc uptake”
e1“wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated in calcareous soils”
e2“"Akbar" variety of wheat”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.