Abstract
Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a common disorder of humans in developing countries. The effect of Zn biofortification (via application of six rates of Zn fertilizer to soil) on Zn bioavailability in wheat grain and flour and its impacts on human health was evaluated. Zn bioavailability was estimated with a trivariate model that included Zn homeostasis in the human intestine. As the rate of Zn fertilization increased, the Zn concentration increased in all flour fractions, but the percentages of Zn in standard flour (25%) and bran (75%) relative to total grain Zn were constant. Phytic acid (PA) concentrations in grain and flours were unaffected by Zn biofortification. Zn bioavailability and the health impact, as indicated by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) saved, increased with the Zn application rate and were greater in standard and refined flour than in whole grain and coarse flour. The biofortified standard and refined flour obtained with application of 50 kg/ha ZnSO₄·7H₂O met the health requirement (3 mg of Zn obtained from 300 g of wheat flour) and reduced DALYs by >20%. Although Zn biofortification increased Zn bioavailability in standard and refined flour, it did not reduce the bioavailability of iron, manganese, or copper in wheat flour.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing Zn fertilization increased Zn concentration in all wheat flour fractions.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- flour fractionse0
- Treatment
- Zn fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As the rate of Zn fertilization increased, the Zn concentration increased in all flour fractions”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The percentages of Zn in standard flour and bran stayed constant relative to total grain Zn.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- percentages of Zn in standard flour (25%) and bran (75%) relative to total grain Zne0
- Direction
- constante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the percentages of Zn in standard flour (25%) and bran (75%) relative to total grain Zn were constant”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytic acid concentrations in wheat grain and flour were unaffected by Zn biofortification.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn biofortificatione0
- Outcome
- Phytic acid (PA) concentrations in grain and flourse0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytic acid (PA) concentrations in grain and flours were unaffected by Zn biofortification”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Modeled Zn bioavailability increased with Zn application rate.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn application ratee0
- Outcome
- Zn bioavailabilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn bioavailability and the health impact, as indicated by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) saved, increased with the Zn application rate”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Modeled disability-adjusted life years saved increased with Zn application rate.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Zn application ratee0
- Outcome
- disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) savede0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the health impact, as indicated by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) saved, increased with the Zn application rate”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn bioavailability was greater in standard and refined flour than whole grain and coarse flour.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- standard and refined floure0
- Outcome
- Zn bioavailabilitye0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- whole grain and coarse floure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn bioavailability and the health impact, as indicated by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) saved, increased with the Zn application rate and were greater in standard and refined flour than in whole grain and coarse flour”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Modeled health impact was greater for standard and refined flour than whole grain and coarse flour.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- standard and refined floure0
- Outcome
- disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) savede0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- whole grain and coarse floure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the health impact, as indicated by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) saved, increased with the Zn application rate and were greater in standard and refined flour than in whole grain and coarse flour”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofortified standard and refined flour at 50 kg/ha ZnSO₄·7H₂O met the stated Zn health requirement.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- application of 50 kg/ha ZnSO₄·7H₂Oe0
- Outcome
- met the health requiremente0
- Value
- 3 mg of Zn obtained from 300 g of wheat floure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The biofortified standard and refined flour obtained with application of 50 kg/ha ZnSO₄·7H₂O met the health requirement (3 mg of Zn obtained from 300 g of wheat flour)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofortified standard and refined flour reduced modeled DALYs by more than 20%.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- DALYse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- >20%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced DALYs by >20%”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn biofortification did not reduce iron, manganese, or copper bioavailability in wheat flour.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Zn biofortificatione7
- Outcome
- bioavailability of iron, manganese, or copper in wheat floure0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it did not reduce the bioavailability of iron, manganese, or copper in wheat flour”
e7“Although Zn biofortification increased Zn bioavailability”
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See all 959 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.