Abstract
BACKGROUND: Drought stress could suppress the carbon assimilation and limit nutrient uptake of pear plants, thus affecting their growth and severely impacting the quality and yield of pear fruit. ABA is a stress hormone and is reported to alleviate drought stress in numerous plants. However, whether and how ABA functions in the drought responses of pear plants is yet explored. RESULTS: Here, to address this gap, pear seedlings (Pyrus betulaefolia) were used and subjected to PEG-induced drought conditions with or without additional ABA in various doses. The results showed that while drought caused severe leaf water loss and damage, applying ABA at 50 µM and 100 µM dramatically amended the phenomenon, as indicated by the markedly increased relative water content, and notably decreased relative electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content. Based on the results of RNA sequencing and related physiological indices, it was found that drought grossly disrupted chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis. It induced the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and broke the ROS homeostasis, despite the pronounced increases in ABA biosynthesis/content and signaling, flavonoid synthesis, and antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as sugar metabolism. However, ABA applications significantly elevated the expressions of genes in chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis, partially boosting the SPAD and Fv/Fm values. In addition, ABA treatments further prominently accelerate the synthesis processes of ABA, flavonoids, and antioxidant enzymes by up-regulating the corresponding genes, resulting in endogenous ABA accumulation and enzymatic activity improvement, thereby expediting the ROS scavenging. Of course, the sugar metabolism pathway was also outstandingly enhanced to balance the growth and stress response of pear seedlings. Moreover, through WGCNA analysis, the core turquoise module associated with ABA-attenuated drought stress was identified, and a portion of key transcription factors (TFs) and some hub genes were characterized, particularly for ERF, WRKY, MYB, bHLH, NAC in TFs, and CSP, COR, and DHN in hub genes. Overall, our study reveals that exogenous ABA could help pear plants to efficiently scavenge drought-induced ROS by improving their photosynthesis capacity, ABA accumulation, sugar catabolism, enzymatic antioxidant system, etc. These results will provide a scientific basis and practical direction for utilizing ABA to mitigate the adverse effects of water starvation resulting from the persistent high temperature on pear plants in summer. CONCLUSION: 50 µM and 100 µM ABA application ameliorated the drought damage in pear seedlings, and the working routes are associated with reinforcement in the photosystem, ABA biosynthesis and signaling, flavonoid accumulation, and sugar metabolism, as well as enzymatic activities in ROS scavenging. The relevant regulatory network is complex, primarily concerned with ERF, WRKY, MYB, bHLH, and NAC TFs, with a focus on the potential target genes named CSP, COR, and DHN.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
ABA at 50 and 100 µM increased relative water content under drought.
- Taxon
- pear
_Poirier_Fleurs_et_feuilles.jpg?width=60)
Pyrus communist0 - Treatment
- ABA at 50 µM and 100 µMe0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Poirier_Fleurs_et_feuilles.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)”
e0“applying ABA at 50 µM and 100 µM dramatically amended the phenomenon, as indicated by the markedly increased relative water content, and notably decreased relative electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA at 50 and 100 µM decreased relative electrolyte leakage under drought.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- ABA at 50 µM and 100 µMe0
- Outcome
- relative electrolyte leakagee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)”
e0“applying ABA at 50 µM and 100 µM dramatically amended the phenomenon, as indicated by the markedly increased relative water content, and notably decreased relative electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA at 50 and 100 µM decreased malondialdehyde content under drought.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- ABA at 50 µM and 100 µMe0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)”
e0“applying ABA at 50 µM and 100 µM dramatically amended the phenomenon, as indicated by the markedly increased relative water content, and notably decreased relative electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought disrupted chlorophyll synthesis.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll synthesise0
- Direction
- disruptede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)”
e0“drought grossly disrupted chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought disrupted photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- photosynthesise0
- Direction
- disruptede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)”
e0“drought grossly disrupted chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought over-production reactive oxygen species (ROS).
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- over-productione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)”
e0“drought grossly disrupted chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis. It induced the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and broke the ROS homeostasis”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought broke ROS homeostasis.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- ROS homeostasise0
- Direction
- brokee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)”
e0“drought grossly disrupted chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis. It induced the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and broke the ROS homeostasis”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought was associated with increased ABA biosynthesis/content and signaling.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Outcome
- ABA biosynthesis/content and signalinge0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)”
e0“pronounced increases in ABA biosynthesis/content and signaling, flavonoid synthesis, and antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as sugar metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought was associated with increased flavonoid synthesis.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Outcome
- flavonoid synthesise0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)”
e0“pronounced increases in ABA biosynthesis/content and signaling, flavonoid synthesis, and antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as sugar metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought was associated with increased antioxidant enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)”
e0“pronounced increases in ABA biosynthesis/content and signaling, flavonoid synthesis, and antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as sugar metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought was associated with increased sugar metabolism.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Outcome
- sugar metabolisme0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)”
e0“pronounced increases in ABA biosynthesis/content and signaling, flavonoid synthesis, and antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as sugar metabolism”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA increased expression of genes involved in chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- ABA applicationse0
- Outcome
- expressions of genes in chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesise0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)”
e0“ABA applications significantly elevated the expressions of genes in chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis, partially boosting the SPAD and Fv/Fm values”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA partly increased SPAD.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- ABA applicationse0
- Outcome
- SPADe0
- Direction
- boostinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)”
e0“ABA applications significantly elevated the expressions of genes in chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis, partially boosting the SPAD and Fv/Fm values”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA partly increased Fv/Fm.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- ABA applicationse0
- Outcome
- Fv/Fme0
- Direction
- boostinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)”
e0“ABA applications significantly elevated the expressions of genes in chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis, partially boosting the SPAD and Fv/Fm values”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment promoted endogenous ABA accumulation.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- ABA treatmentse0
- Outcome
- endogenous ABA accumulatione0
- Qualifier
- up-regulating the corresponding genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)”
e0“ABA treatments further prominently accelerate the synthesis processes of ABA, flavonoids, and antioxidant enzymes by up-regulating the corresponding genes, resulting in endogenous ABA accumulation and enzymatic activity improvement, thereby expediting the ROS scavenging”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment promoted enzymatic activity improvement.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- ABA treatmentse0
- Outcome
- enzymatic activity improvemente0
- Qualifier
- up-regulating the corresponding genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)”
e0“ABA treatments further prominently accelerate the synthesis processes of ABA, flavonoids, and antioxidant enzymes by up-regulating the corresponding genes, resulting in endogenous ABA accumulation and enzymatic activity improvement, thereby expediting the ROS scavenging”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA treatment promoted ROS scavenging.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Treatment
- ABA treatmentse0
- Outcome
- ROS scavenginge0
- Qualifier
- up-regulating the corresponding genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)”
e0“ABA treatments further prominently accelerate the synthesis processes of ABA, flavonoids, and antioxidant enzymes by up-regulating the corresponding genes, resulting in endogenous ABA accumulation and enzymatic activity improvement, thereby expediting the ROS scavenging”
Claim · model-written summary
WGCNA identified a core turquoise module associated with ABA-attenuated drought stress.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Outcome
- core turquoise module associated with ABA-attenuated drought stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)”
e0“the core turquoise module associated with ABA-attenuated drought stress was identified, and a portion of key transcription factors (TFs) and some hub genes were characterized, particularly for ERF, WRKY, MYB, bHLH, NAC in TFs, and CSP, COR, and DHN in hub genes”
Claim · model-written summary
ERF, WRKY, MYB, bHLH, and NAC transcription factors were characterized.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Gene
- ERF, WRKY, MYB, bHLH, NACe0
- Outcome
- key transcription factors (TFs)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)”
e0“the core turquoise module associated with ABA-attenuated drought stress was identified, and a portion of key transcription factors (TFs) and some hub genes were characterized, particularly for ERF, WRKY, MYB, bHLH, NAC in TFs, and CSP, COR, and DHN in hub genes”
Claim · model-written summary
CSP, COR, and DHN hub genes were characterized.
- Taxon
- pearPyrus communist0
- Gene
- CSP, COR, and DHNe0
- Outcome
- hub genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)”
e0“the core turquoise module associated with ABA-attenuated drought stress was identified, and a portion of key transcription factors (TFs) and some hub genes were characterized, particularly for ERF, WRKY, MYB, bHLH, NAC in TFs, and CSP, COR, and DHN in hub genes”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.