Abstract
Context Rice is a staple food for nearly half of the global population. Traditional nitrogen (N) fertilization practices, characterized by high inputs and frequent applications, face increasing challenges related to low N use efficiency (NUE) and rising labor costs. Research question Previous studies have highlighted the benefits of controlled-release blended fertilizers (CRBF) for enhancing rice production. While limited research has been conducted on the effects of CRBF with different fertilization techniques and their applicability within rice-wheat systems. Methods A three-year field experiment was conducted at two sites with contrasting soil fertility levels. Six treatments were evaluated: broadcast conventional fertilization of urea (BCF), broadcast conventional fertilization of urea with a 25 % reduction in N (BRF), broadcast fertilization of CRBF with a 25 % reduction in N (BBF), whole-layer fertilization of CRBF with a 25 % reduction in N (WBF), side-deep fertilization of CRBF with a 25 % reduction in N (SBF), and a control without N fertilization. Results Compared to BCF, SBF increased rice yield by 3.2–8.8 % primarily due to a 5.1–6.7 % increase in panicle numbers, and all CRBF treatments enhanced NUE by 27.6–60.8 % with SBF exhibiting the highest. Notably, SBF improved rice yield and NUE by 6.0–7.0 % and 19.4–25.2 % compared to other CRBF treatments in low-fertility site, respectively, while no significant differences were observed among CRBF treatments in high-fertility site. This pattern reflects the differing responses of rice growth and soil N availability to fertilization patterns under varying soil fertility conditions. Our structural equation model results indicate that fertilization patterns primarily influence rice yield by affecting soil NH 4 + -N levels and subsequently altering root growth . Economic analysis revealed that SBF resulted in a 37.2–40.1 % increase in net income compared to BCF, primarily due to reduced labor costs and improved yields, with smaller differences among CRBF treatments in high-fertility site. Conclusions CRBF emerges as a viable alternative to conventional N fertilization, effectively delivering high rice yields and enhanced economic returns across sites with varying soil fertility. SBF optimizes N supply and boosts rice production, yielding significant increases in both yield and NUE, particularly in low-fertility environments. Implications The findings of this study offer a novel perspective on achieving high yields and efficient fertilization strategies in rice cultivation within rice-wheat systems, potentially guiding future agricultural practices toward improved sustainability and productivity.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
SBF increased rice yield compared with BCF by 3.2–8.8 %.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- SBFe0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 3.2–8.8 %e0
- Comparator
- BCFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to BCF, SBF increased rice yield by 3.2–8.8 % primarily due to a 5.1–6.7 % increase in panicle numbers, and all CRBF treatments enhanced NUE by 27.6–60.8 % with SBF exhibiting the highest.”
Claim · model-written summary
SBF increased panicle numbers compared with BCF by 5.1–6.7 %.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SBFe0
- Outcome
- panicle numberse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 5.1–6.7 %e0
- Comparator
- BCFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to BCF, SBF increased rice yield by 3.2–8.8 % primarily due to a 5.1–6.7 % increase in panicle numbers, and all CRBF treatments enhanced NUE by 27.6–60.8 % with SBF exhibiting the highest.”
Claim · model-written summary
All CRBF treatments enhanced rice nitrogen use efficiency by 27.6–60.8% compared with BCF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- all CRBF treatmentse0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 27.6–60.8 %e0
- Comparator
- BCFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to BCF, SBF increased rice yield by 3.2–8.8 % primarily due to a 5.1–6.7 % increase in panicle numbers, and all CRBF treatments enhanced NUE by 27.6–60.8 % with SBF exhibiting the highest.”
Claim · model-written summary
SBF improved rice yield at the low-fertility site by 6.0–7.0 % versus other CRBF treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SBFe0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 6.0–7.0 %e0
- Comparator
- other CRBF treatmentse0
- Setting
- low-fertility sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Notably, SBF improved rice yield and NUE by 6.0–7.0 % and 19.4–25.2 % compared to other CRBF treatments in low-fertility site, respectively, while no significant differences were observed among CRBF treatments in high-fertility site.”
Claim · model-written summary
SBF improved NUE at the low-fertility site by 19.4–25.2 % versus other CRBF treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- SBFe0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 19.4–25.2 %e0
- Comparator
- other CRBF treatmentse0
- Setting
- low-fertility sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Notably, SBF improved rice yield and NUE by 6.0–7.0 % and 19.4–25.2 % compared to other CRBF treatments in low-fertility site, respectively, while no significant differences were observed among CRBF treatments in high-fertility site.”
Claim · model-written summary
CRBF treatments did not differ significantly at the high-fertility site.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- CRBF treatmentse0
- Outcome
- no significant differencese0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Comparator
- among CRBF treatmentse0
- Setting
- high-fertility sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Notably, SBF improved rice yield and NUE by 6.0–7.0 % and 19.4–25.2 % compared to other CRBF treatments in low-fertility site, respectively, while no significant differences were observed among CRBF treatments in high-fertility site.”
Claim · model-written summary
The model linked fertilizer pattern effects on yield to soil ammonium and root growth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- fertilization patternse0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Qualifier
- soil NH 4 + -N levels and subsequently altering root growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our structural equation model results indicate that fertilization patterns primarily influence rice yield by affecting soil NH 4 + -N levels and subsequently altering root growth .”
Claim · model-written summary
SBF increased net income by 37.2–40.1% compared with BCF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SBFe0
- Outcome
- net incomee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 37.2–40.1 %e0
- Comparator
- BCFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Economic analysis revealed that SBF resulted in a 37.2–40.1 % increase in net income compared to BCF, primarily due to reduced labor costs and improved yields, with smaller differences among CRBF treatments in high-fertility site.”
t0“rice production within the rice-wheat systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Net income differences among CRBF treatments were smaller at the high-fertility site.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- differences among CRBF treatmentse0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Setting
- high-fertility sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Economic analysis revealed that SBF resulted in a 37.2–40.1 % increase in net income compared to BCF, primarily due to reduced labor costs and improved yields, with smaller differences among CRBF treatments in high-fertility site.”
t0“rice production within the rice-wheat systems”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · nutrient: efficiency · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
201 papers in the same direction as this paper · 12 in the opposite direction · 6 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
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