Abstract
A field experiment was carried out during the spring season of 2023 in a farmer's field in the Kuldarah area of Altun Kopri district in Kirkuk Governorate, with the aim of knowing the effect of 2,4-D 72% herbicide on the growth of broad-leaved weeds accompanying the white corn crop, the dry and green fodder yield of this crop, and the qualitative traits in terms of the percentage of protein and fiber for six varieties of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) The experiment was applied according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D.) with three replications, The treatments included (2,4-D herbicide, weed control and weed-free treatment, the varieties were (Buhuth - Giza - Rabeh - Lilo - Enqaz - J). The 2,4-D herbicide was sprayed before emergence using a (16) liter capacity continuous pressure backpack pump at a quantity of 1.5 liters. ha-1, then it was mixed with the soil to prevent the light effect on the herbicide. The results of the statistical analysis indicated that spraying 2,4-D herbicide before emergence recorded the highest weed inhibition rate, reaching 79.111%, and the lowest weed index rate for green and dry fodder yields, reaching 9.742% and 24.637%, respectively, and an increase in the green and dry fodder yield, reaching 48.427 tons. ha-1 and 11.495 tons. ha-1, respectively, the percentage of protein and fiber increased by 8.940% and 53.768% respectively. As for the varieties, the Bohouth variety was superior and recorded the highest weed inhibition rate of 30.889%. The Giza variety was superior in the weed index trait for dry fodder yield and recorded the lowest average weed index of 21.279%. The varieties (J, Giza and Bohouth) were superior in the green fodder trait and recorded 45.079, 44.860 and 44.103 respectively. The interaction coefficients between the study factors showed a noticeable variation in most of the studied traits, as the Bohouth variety combination was superior when controlled with 2,4-D 72% herbicide before germination in the inhibition rate trait and recorded the highest average of 92.667%, as well as the lowest percentage of weed index for dry fodder yield, which reached 10.550%. The dry fodder obtained It reached 13.476 tons. ha-1, while in terms of qualitative traits, the combination of class (J) with 2,4-D herbicide was superior, as it recorded the highest average of 9.496%.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Pre emergence 2,4-D gave a 79.111% weed inhibition rate.
- Taxon
- forage sorghumt0
- Treatment
- spraying 2,4-D herbicide before emergencee0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed inhibition ratee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 79.111%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“spraying 2,4-D herbicide before emergence recorded the highest weed inhibition rate, reaching 79.111%”
t0“forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre emergence 2,4-D gave a 9.742% green fodder weed index.
- Taxon
- forage sorghumt0
- Treatment
- spraying 2,4-D herbicide before emergencee1
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed index rate for greene0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 9.742%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the lowest weed index rate for green and dry fodder yields, reaching 9.742% and 24.637%, respectively”
t0“forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)”
e1“spraying 2,4-D herbicide before emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre emergence 2,4-D gave a 24.637% dry fodder weed index.
- Taxon
- forage sorghumt0
- Treatment
- spraying 2,4-D herbicide before emergencee1
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed index rate for green and dry fodder yieldse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 24.637%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the lowest weed index rate for green and dry fodder yields, reaching 9.742% and 24.637%, respectively”
t0“forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)”
e1“spraying 2,4-D herbicide before emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre emergence 2,4-D increased green fodder yield to 48.427 tons. ha-1.
- Taxon
- forage sorghumt0
- Treatment
- spraying 2,4-D herbicide before emergencee1
- Outcome
- green and dry fodder yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 48.427 tons. ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“an increase in the green and dry fodder yield, reaching 48.427 tons. ha-1 and 11.495 tons. ha-1, respectively”
t0“forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)”
e1“spraying 2,4-D herbicide before emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre emergence 2,4-D increased dry fodder yield to 11.495 tons. ha-1.
- Taxon
- forage sorghumt0
- Treatment
- spraying 2,4-D herbicide before emergencee1
- Outcome
- green and dry fodder yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 11.495 tons. ha-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“an increase in the green and dry fodder yield, reaching 48.427 tons. ha-1 and 11.495 tons. ha-1, respectively”
t0“forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)”
e1“spraying 2,4-D herbicide before emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicide increased protein percentage by 8.940%.
- Taxon
- forage sorghumt0
- Treatment
- spraying 2,4-D herbicide before emergencee1
- Outcome
- percentage of proteine0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.940%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the percentage of protein and fiber increased by 8.940% and 53.768% respectively”
t0“forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)”
e1“spraying 2,4-D herbicide before emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicide increased fiber percentage by 53.768%.
- Taxon
- forage sorghumt0
- Treatment
- spraying 2,4-D herbicide before emergencee1
- Outcome
- percentage of protein and fibere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 53.768%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the percentage of protein and fiber increased by 8.940% and 53.768% respectively”
t0“forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)”
e1“spraying 2,4-D herbicide before emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Bohouth had the highest weed inhibition rate, 30.889%.
Verbatim
e0“the Bohouth variety was superior and recorded the highest weed inhibition rate of 30.889%”
t0“forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza had the lowest dry fodder weed index, 21.279%.
Verbatim
e0“The Giza variety was superior in the weed index trait for dry fodder yield and recorded the lowest average weed index of 21.279%”
t0“forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
J green fodder value was 45.079.
Verbatim
e0“The varieties (J, Giza and Bohouth) were superior in the green fodder trait and recorded 45.079, 44.860 and 44.103 respectively”
t0“forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza green fodder value was 44.860.
Verbatim
e0“The varieties (J, Giza and Bohouth) were superior in the green fodder trait and recorded 45.079, 44.860 and 44.103 respectively”
t0“forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bohouth green fodder value was 44.103.
Verbatim
e0“The varieties (J, Giza and Bohouth) were superior in the green fodder trait and recorded 45.079, 44.860 and 44.103 respectively”
t0“forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bohouth with 2,4-D had the highest weed inhibition, 92.667%.
- Taxon
- forage sorghumt0
- Material
- Bohouthe0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D 72% herbicide before germinatione0
- Outcome
- inhibition rate traite0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 92.667%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the Bohouth variety combination was superior when controlled with 2,4-D 72% herbicide before germination in the inhibition rate trait and recorded the highest average of 92.667%”
t0“forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bohouth with 2,4-D had the lowest dry fodder weed index, 10.550%.
- Taxon
- forage sorghumt0
- Material
- Bohouthe0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D 72% herbicide before germinatione0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed index for dry fodder yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 10.550%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the Bohouth variety combination was superior when controlled with 2,4-D 72% herbicide before germination in the inhibition rate trait and recorded the highest average of 92.667%, as well as the lowest percentage of weed index for dry fodder yield, which reached 10.550%”
t0“forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The dry fodder value for the reported combination reached 13.476 tons. ha-1.
Verbatim
e0“The dry fodder obtained It reached 13.476 tons. ha-1”
t0“forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
J with 2,4-D had the highest reported qualitative average, 9.496%.
- Taxon
- forage sorghumt0
- Material
- Je0
- Treatment
- 2,4-D herbicidee0
- Outcome
- highest averagee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 9.496%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the combination of class (J) with 2,4-D herbicide was superior, as it recorded the highest average of 9.496%”
t0“forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)”
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8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.