Abstract
Tomatoes are in great demand worldwide and consumed due to their nutritional and sensory qualities. Weed infestation poses a great challenge in tomato production, prompting growers to employ two to three herbicides in combinations and sequences for comprehensive control. Consequently, this study was undertaken to investigate the effects of glyphosate, pendimethalin, and metribuzin when applied individually or in sequential combinations in tomato fields. The herbicides significantly reduced the weed density and dry biomass and enhanced the weed control efficiency (WCE) compared to control. A tank mix spray of pendimethalin and metribuzin following glyphosate gave significantly higher WCE (80–91%) and fruit yield (88.47 t/ha). The tomato quality parameters were unaffected by the herbicides. The terminal residues in fruits were found below the safe limit of 0.1 mg/kg for glyphosate and 0.01 mg/kg for pendimethalin and metribuzin. Moreover, there was no evidence of residual carryover toxicity from the applied herbicides, as confirmed by the plant bioassay and instrumental techniques. However, continuous spraying of herbicides repeatedly in succession and in combination necessitates long-term monitoring to assess the potential development of herbicide-resistant weeds, the bio-magnification of residues in soil, their transfer to tomato fruits and the impact on the food chain.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides significantly reduced weed density and dry biomass relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed density and dry biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The herbicides significantly reduced the weed density and dry biomass and enhanced the weed control efficiency (WCE) compared to control.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides significantly enhanced weed control efficiency relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed control efficiency (WCE)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The herbicides significantly reduced the weed density and dry biomass and enhanced the weed control efficiency (WCE) compared to control.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin and metribuzin following glyphosate produced significantly higher weed control efficiency of 80–91%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin and metribuzin following glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- WCEe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 80–91%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A tank mix spray of pendimethalin and metribuzin following glyphosate gave significantly higher WCE (80–91%) and fruit yield (88.47 t/ha).”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The same spray sequence produced significantly higher fruit yield of 88.47 t/ha.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin and metribuzin following glyphosatee0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 88.47 t/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A tank mix spray of pendimethalin and metribuzin following glyphosate gave significantly higher WCE (80–91%) and fruit yield (88.47 t/ha).”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato quality parameters were unaffected by herbicides.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Outcome
- tomato quality parameterse0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The tomato quality parameters were unaffected by the herbicides.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit terminal residues were below stated safe limits for glyphosate.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- terminal residues in fruitse0
- Direction
- belowe0
- Value
- 0.1 mg/kge0
- Qualifier
- glyphosatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The terminal residues in fruits were found below the safe limit of 0.1 mg/kg for glyphosate and 0.01 mg/kg for pendimethalin and metribuzin.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit terminal residues were below stated safe limits for pendimethalin and metribuzin.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- terminal residues in fruitse0
- Direction
- belowe0
- Value
- 0.01 mg/kge0
- Qualifier
- pendimethalin and metribuzine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The terminal residues in fruits were found below the safe limit of 0.1 mg/kg for glyphosate and 0.01 mg/kg for pendimethalin and metribuzin.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Bioassay and instrumental techniques found no residual carryover toxicity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- applied herbicidese0
- Outcome
- residual carryover toxicitye0
- Direction
- no evidencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no evidence of residual carryover toxicity from the applied herbicides, as confirmed by the plant bioassay and instrumental techniques”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend long-term monitoring after repeated combined herbicide spraying.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- continuous spraying of herbicides repeatedly in succession and in combinatione0
- Outcome
- long-term monitoringe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“continuous spraying of herbicides repeatedly in succession and in combination necessitates long-term monitoring to assess the potential development of herbicide-resistant weeds, the bio-magnification of residues in soil, their transfer to tomato fruits and the impact on the food chain”
The same questions in other papers
metribuzin · yield · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results differ
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →pendimethalin · yield · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
metribuzin · weed · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →glyphosate · yield · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →pendimethalin · weed · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
glyphosate · weed · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
herbicide · weed · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
22 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- negative
26 papers more in this group
See all 30 papers →herbicide · quality: general · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.