Abstract
To address the dual challenges of water scarcity and non-point source pollution in global rice cultivation, this study systematically evaluated the interactive effects of irrigation regimes (continuous flooding, intermittent irrigation, shallow-wet irrigation) and fertilization strategies (conventional fertilization, reduced slow-release fertilizer application). Results showed that the combination of intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer significantly suppressed non-productive tillers (productive tiller rate increased to 74.1%), promoted deep root development (root length density increased by 26.7%), and increased grain dry matter allocation by 6.8%. The yield reached 8.52 t/ha, showing no significant difference from conventional practices, while water use efficiency improved by 32% (1.24 kg/m³) and partial nitrogen productivity increased by 28.3%. Environmentally, this treatment reduced methane emissions by 39.5% (225 kg/ha), lowered peak total nitrogen concentration in surface water by 34.2%, and decreased nitrate leaching risks. The study reveals that optimized water-fertilizer management stabilizes yield and enhances efficiency by controlling tiller redundancy and synchronizing nutrient release with root expansion. We recommend adopting an irrigation regime of "water control during tillering + shallow flooding at booting + alternating wet-dry conditions during grain filling," combined with a 40–50% reduction in slow-release nitrogen base fertilizer, to support green rice production. Future research should focus on long-term impacts of water-fertilizer management on soil microbial communities and carbon sequestration.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer significantly suppressed non-productive tillers of rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizere1
- Outcome
- non-productive tillerse1
- Direction
- suppressede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“global rice cultivation”
e1“the combination of intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer significantly suppressed non-productive tillers (productive tiller rate increased to 74.1%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Productive tiller rate of rice increased to 74.1% under intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizere1
- Outcome
- productive tiller ratee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 74.1%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“global rice cultivation”
e1“the combination of intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer significantly suppressed non-productive tillers (productive tiller rate increased to 74.1%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Root length density of rice increased by 26.7% under intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- deep roote2
- Treatment
- intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizere1
- Outcome
- root length densitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 26.7%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“global rice cultivation”
e1“the combination of intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer significantly suppressed non-productive tillers (productive tiller rate increased to 74.1%)”
e2“promoted deep root development (root length density increased by 26.7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain dry matter allocation of rice increased by 6.8% under intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizere1
- Outcome
- grain dry matter allocatione3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 6.8%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“global rice cultivation”
e1“the combination of intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer significantly suppressed non-productive tillers (productive tiller rate increased to 74.1%)”
e3“increased grain dry matter allocation by 6.8%”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice yield under intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer reached 8.52 t/ha, with no significant difference from conventional practices.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizere1
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- no significant differencee4
- Value
- 8.52 t/hae4
- Comparator
- conventional practicese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“global rice cultivation”
e1“the combination of intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer significantly suppressed non-productive tillers (productive tiller rate increased to 74.1%)”
e4“The yield reached 8.52 t/ha, showing no significant difference from conventional practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Water use efficiency of rice improved by 32% under intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizere1
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Value
- 32%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“global rice cultivation”
e1“the combination of intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer significantly suppressed non-productive tillers (productive tiller rate increased to 74.1%)”
e5“water use efficiency improved by 32% (1.24 kg/m³) and partial nitrogen productivity increased by 28.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Partial nitrogen productivity of rice increased by 28.3% under intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizere1
- Outcome
- partial nitrogen productivitye5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Value
- 28.3%e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“global rice cultivation”
e1“the combination of intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer significantly suppressed non-productive tillers (productive tiller rate increased to 74.1%)”
e5“water use efficiency improved by 32% (1.24 kg/m³) and partial nitrogen productivity increased by 28.3%”
Claim · model-written summary
Intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer reduced methane emissions from rice by 39.5%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizere1
- Outcome
- methane emissionse6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 39.5%e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“global rice cultivation”
e1“the combination of intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer significantly suppressed non-productive tillers (productive tiller rate increased to 74.1%)”
e6“reduced methane emissions by 39.5% (225 kg/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer lowered the peak total nitrogen concentration in rice surface water by 34.2%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizere1
- Outcome
- peak total nitrogen concentration in surface watere7
- Direction
- lowerede7
- Value
- 34.2%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“global rice cultivation”
e1“the combination of intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer significantly suppressed non-productive tillers (productive tiller rate increased to 74.1%)”
e7“lowered peak total nitrogen concentration in surface water by 34.2%”
Claim · model-written summary
Intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer decreased nitrate leaching risks in rice fields.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizere1
- Outcome
- nitrate leaching riskse2
- Direction
- decreasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“global rice cultivation”
e1“the combination of intermittent irrigation with reduced slow-release fertilizer significantly suppressed non-productive tillers (productive tiller rate increased to 74.1%)”
e2“decreased nitrate leaching risks”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized water-fertilizer management is asserted to stabilize rice yield by controlling tiller redundancy and synchronizing nutrient release with root expansion.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- stabilizes yielde1
- Qualifier
- controlling tiller redundancy and synchronizing nutrient release with root expansione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“global rice cultivation”
e1“stabilizes yield and enhances efficiency by controlling tiller redundancy and synchronizing nutrient release with root expansion”
Claim · model-written summary
Adopt a water-control-during-tillering, shallow-flooding-at-booting and alternating wet-dry irrigation regime, combined with a 40–50% reduction in slow-release nitrogen base fertilizer, for green rice production.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- adopting an irrigation regimee1
- Value
- 40–50%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“global rice cultivation”
e1“We recommend adopting an irrigation regime”
e2“combined with a 40–50% reduction in slow-release nitrogen base fertilizer”
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See all 993 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.