Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are essential multifunctional enzymes. In the face of abiotic stresses such as drought and heavy metal exposure, plants utilize GSTs for detoxification and antioxidant defense, as these enzymes facilitate the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with toxic compounds. Specific details of this process, however, remain unknown. This study identified 118 Avena sativa GST (AsGST) genes within the A. sativa genome and classified them into five subfamilies: Tau, Phi, Zeta, Lambda, and EF1Bγ. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that AsGSTs exhibit significant similarity to corresponding GST categories in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, indicating a possible common ancestor. Gene structure and conserved motif analysis demonstrated that AsGST genes within the same subfamily shares similarities in the number and positioning of exons and introns, as well as in motif composition, suggesting that these genes may perform analogous biological functions in A. sativa. The promoter regions of the identified genes are enriched with various cis-acting elements that play roles in plant growth and development, stress response, and hormone signaling. Transcriptomic analysis and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) validation indicated that the expression of four AsGST genes (AsGSTU12, AsGSTU13, AsGSTU14, and AsGSTU15) was significantly up-regulated in the roots of A. sativa under both PEG-induced drought stress and CdCl2-induced cadmium stress. These genes likely regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels by catalyzing their scavenging through glutathione (GSH) substrates, and may also participate in ABA signaling and the maintenance of osmotic homeostasis. Under cadmium stress, these genes may mitigate cadmium toxicity by enhancing the chelation and sequestration of cadmium via GSH or through its compartmentalization, as evident from the subcellular localization studies. This study systematically described the GST gene family in A. sativa, characterized its expression patterns and potential functions in response to drought and cadmium stress, and confirmed the essential role of the AsGST gene family in mediating stress responses. The findings enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying stress tolerance and offer valuable genetic resources for breeding stress-tolerant A. sativa. The work also provides a theoretical framework and identifies gene targets for the development of stress-resistant A. sativa varieties.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The oat genome contains 118 GST genes in five subfamilies.
- Taxon
- Avena sativa
Avena sativae0 - Gene
- GST (AsGST) genese0
- Outcome
- identified 118 Avena sativa GST (AsGST) genese0
- Value
- 118e0
- Qualifier
- five subfamilies: Tau, Phi, Zeta, Lambda, and EF1Bγe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study identified 118 Avena sativa GST (AsGST) genes within the A. sativa genome and classified them into five subfamilies: Tau, Phi, Zeta, Lambda, and EF1Bγ.”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat GST categories were significantly similar to counterparts in Arabidopsis and rice.
- Taxon
- A. sativaAvena sativae1
- Gene
- AsGSTse0
- Outcome
- significant similarity to corresponding GST categoriese0
- Comparator
- Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AsGSTs exhibit significant similarity to corresponding GST categories in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa”
e1“A. sativa genome”
Claim · model-written summary
AsGST genes within a subfamily shared exon and intron number and position and motif composition.
- Taxon
- A. sativaAvena sativae1
- Gene
- AsGST genese0
- Outcome
- similarities in the number and positioning of exons and introns, as well as in motif compositione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AsGST genes within the same subfamily shares similarities in the number and positioning of exons and introns, as well as in motif composition”
e1“A. sativa genome”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggested within-subfamily GST genes may have analogous biological functions.
- Taxon
- A. sativaAvena sativae0
- Gene
- AsGST genese1
- Outcome
- analogous biological functionse0
- Qualifier
- may performe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggesting that these genes may perform analogous biological functions in A. sativa”
e1“AsGST genes within the same subfamily”
Claim · model-written summary
Promoters of identified oat GST genes were enriched in cis-acting elements associated with growth, stress, and hormone signaling.
- Taxon
- A. sativaAvena sativae1
- Gene
- identified genese0
- Outcome
- promoter regions of the identified genes are enriched with various cis-acting elementse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The promoter regions of the identified genes are enriched with various cis-acting elements that play roles in plant growth and development, stress response, and hormone signaling.”
e1“A. sativa genome”
Claim · model-written summary
Four oat GST genes were significantly up-regulated in roots under PEG-induced drought stress.
- Taxon
- A. sativaAvena sativae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- PEG-induced drought stresse0
- Gene
- AsGSTU12, AsGSTU13, AsGSTU14, and AsGSTU15e0
- Outcome
- expression of four AsGST genese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the expression of four AsGST genes (AsGSTU12, AsGSTU13, AsGSTU14, and AsGSTU15) was significantly up-regulated in the roots of A. sativa under both PEG-induced drought stress and CdCl2-induced cadmium stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Four oat GST genes were significantly up-regulated in roots under CdCl2-induced cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- A. sativaAvena sativae0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- CdCl2-induced cadmium stresse0
- Gene
- AsGSTU12, AsGSTU13, AsGSTU14, and AsGSTU15e0
- Outcome
- expression of four AsGST genese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the expression of four AsGST genes (AsGSTU12, AsGSTU13, AsGSTU14, and AsGSTU15) was significantly up-regulated in the roots of A. sativa under both PEG-induced drought stress and CdCl2-induced cadmium stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed that the four GST genes regulate ROS levels through glutathione-dependent scavenging.
- Taxon
- A. sativaAvena sativae2
- Gene
- AsGSTU12, AsGSTU13, AsGSTU14, and AsGSTU15e1
- Compound
- glutathione (GSH)e0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These genes likely regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels by catalyzing their scavenging through glutathione (GSH) substrates”
e1“AsGSTU12, AsGSTU13, AsGSTU14, and AsGSTU15”
e2“A. sativa genome”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed that these genes participate in ABA signaling and osmotic homeostasis.
- Taxon
- A. sativaAvena sativae2
- Gene
- These genese1
- Outcome
- ABA signaling and the maintenance of osmotic homeostasise0
- Qualifier
- may also participatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“may also participate in ABA signaling and the maintenance of osmotic homeostasis”
e1“These genes likely regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels”
e2“A. sativa genome”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed that these genes mitigate cadmium toxicity through glutathione-mediated chelation and sequestration or compartmentalization.
- Taxon
- A. sativaAvena sativae1
- Gene
- these genese0
- Compound
- GSHe0
- Outcome
- cadmium toxicitye0
- Qualifier
- chelation and sequestration of cadmium via GSH or through its compartmentalizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“these genes may mitigate cadmium toxicity by enhancing the chelation and sequestration of cadmium via GSH or through its compartmentalization, as evident from the subcellular localization studies”
e1“A. sativa genome”
The same questions in other papers
drought · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Avena sativa (oats)Results differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
heavy metal · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Avena sativa (oats)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.