Abstract
Abstract The use of nutrient‐enriched media from renewable resources supports the biological and metabolic processes of microgreens, contributing to food security, reducing malnutrition, and aligning with sustainable development goals. This approach reduces water consumption by 90% and land use by 80%. However, climatic and edaphic factors in the surrounding environment can influence biological and physiological activities, potentially leading to the desiccation of the growing medium. Such conditions often necessitate higher water and nutrient inputs, resulting in reduced nutritional synthesis and compromised yield in microgreens grown in open ecosystems. This study aims to identify an optimal growing medium that enhances the yield and nutritional quality of microgreens cultivated in a controlled growth environment. A completely randomized design was used to grow local varieties of Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka Bajri (where R. Br. is Robert Brown and var. is variety) and Pisum sativum var. arvense L. var. Durga microgreens in triplicates under controlled environments, utilizing various substrate combinations: cocopeat + clayey‐loam soil (T0), cocopeat + vermiculite (T1), cocopeat + perlite (T2), cocopeat + vermiwash (T3), cocopeat + azolla (T4), cocopeat + tree bark (T5), cocopeat + rice straw (T6), cocopeat + rice husk (T7), and cocopeat + wood sawdust (T8). Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka Bajri seeds exhibited hypogeal germination, with cotyledon emergence in 3–5 days and true leaves in 6–10 days. Pisum sativum var. arvense L. var. Durga seeds showed epigeal germination, with cotyledon emergence in 5–8 days and true leaves in 12–16 days. Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka Bajri microgreens yielded 3–5 g, with T8, T6, T5, and T7 showing the best performance. Pisum sativum var. arvense L. var. Durga microgreens yielded 4.67–9 g, with T1, T8, and T6 providing the highest yields. Postharvest of both crops, T4 retained 1.7% N, 0.811% P, and 4.57% K in P. glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka Bajri microgreens, while T8 retained 2.2% N, 0.068% P, and 39.6% K in P. sativum var. arvense L. var. Durga microgreens. Phenotypic traits such as plant height ( r = 0.721), root length ( r = 0.657), dry weight ( r = 0.539), and nutrient transport ( r = 0.654) showed positive correlations with yield in P. glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka Bajri microgreens. In P. sativum var. arvense L. var. Durga microgreens, traits like shoot length ( r = 0.535), leaf area ( r = 0.665), and germination ( r = 0.931) were positively correlated with yield. Eigenvalues greater than 1 and positive eigenvectors indicated high diversity and inheritance in principal components. Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka Bajri microgreens showed high diversity with PC1 (6.95), PC2 (3.22), and PC3 (1.79). Pisum sativum var. arvense L. var. Durga microgreens exhibited significant variation in PC1 (5.52), PC2 (3.24), PC3 (1.91), and PC4 (1.30). Phenotypic and metabolic processes in P. glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka Bajri microgreens were enhanced by T5, T3, T8, T1, and T6. In P. sativum var. arvense L. var. Durga microgreens, cocopeat + clayey‐loam soil (T0, T1, T8, and T4) promoted high biological and physiological growth. The study concluded that cocopeat + vermicompost (T1) was the best performing substrate for P. sativum var. arvense L. var. Durga microgreens, while cocopeat + wood sawdust (T8) was most effective for P. glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka Bajri microgreens. Future research should focus on prolonging the shelf life of growing media, optimizing growth conditions, and promoting beneficial microorganisms like Trichoderma sp. through chemical or nanoparticle synthesis. Additionally, exploring nano‐substrate media offers potential for improving microgreen production and supporting sustainable food security.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Pennisetum glaucum var. Rijka Bajri seeds showed hypogeal germination.
- Taxon
- Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka Bajri
Cenchrus americanuse1 - Outcome
- hypogeal germinatione1
- Qualifier
- cotyledon emergence in 3–5 days and true leaves in 6–10 dayse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka Bajri seeds exhibited hypogeal germination, with cotyledon emergence in 3–5 days and true leaves in 6–10 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Pisum sativum var. Durga seeds showed epigeal germination.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum var. arvense L. var. Durga
Lathyrus oleraceus var. arvensise2 - Outcome
- epigeal germinatione2
- Qualifier
- cotyledon emergence in 5–8 days and true leaves in 12–16 dayse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Pisum sativum var. arvense L. var. Durga seeds showed epigeal germination, with cotyledon emergence in 5–8 days and true leaves in 12–16 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Pennisetum microgreens yielded 3–5 g, with substrates T8, T6, T5 and T7 showing the best performance.
- Taxon
- Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka BajriCenchrus americanuse3
- Treatment
- T8, T6, T5, and T7e3
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- best performancee3
- Value
- 3–5 ge3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka Bajri microgreens yielded 3–5 g, with T8, T6, T5, and T7 showing the best performance”
Claim · model-written summary
Pisum microgreens yielded 4.67–9 g, with substrates T1, T8 and T6 giving the highest yields.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum var. arvense L. var. DurgaLathyrus oleraceus var. arvensise4
- Treatment
- T1, T8, and T6e4
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 4.67–9 ge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Pisum sativum var. arvense L. var. Durga microgreens yielded 4.67–9 g, with T1, T8, and T6 providing the highest yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Substrate T4 retained 1.7% N in Pennisetum microgreens after harvest.
- Taxon
- P. glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka BajriCenchrus americanuse5
- Treatment
- T4e5
- Outcome
- Ne5
- Value
- 1.7%e5
- Qualifier
- Postharveste5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Postharvest of both crops, T4 retained 1.7% N, 0.811% P, and 4.57% K in P. glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka Bajri microgreens”
Claim · model-written summary
Substrate T4 retained 0.811% P in Pennisetum microgreens after harvest.
- Taxon
- P. glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka BajriCenchrus americanuse5
- Treatment
- T4e5
- Outcome
- Pe5
- Value
- 0.811%e5
- Qualifier
- Postharveste5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Postharvest of both crops, T4 retained 1.7% N, 0.811% P, and 4.57% K in P. glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka Bajri microgreens”
Claim · model-written summary
Substrate T4 retained 4.57% K in Pennisetum microgreens after harvest.
- Taxon
- P. glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka BajriCenchrus americanuse5
- Treatment
- T4e5
- Outcome
- Ke5
- Value
- 4.57%e5
- Qualifier
- Postharveste5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Postharvest of both crops, T4 retained 1.7% N, 0.811% P, and 4.57% K in P. glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka Bajri microgreens”
Claim · model-written summary
Substrate T8 retained 2.2% N in Pisum microgreens after harvest.
- Taxon
- P. sativum var. arvense L. var. DurgaLathyrus oleraceus var. arvensise6
- Treatment
- T8e6
- Outcome
- Ne6
- Value
- 2.2%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“while T8 retained 2.2% N, 0.068% P, and 39.6% K in P. sativum var. arvense L. var. Durga microgreens”
Claim · model-written summary
Substrate T8 retained 0.068% P in Pisum microgreens after harvest.
- Taxon
- P. sativum var. arvense L. var. DurgaLathyrus oleraceus var. arvensise6
- Treatment
- T8e6
- Outcome
- Pe6
- Value
- 0.068%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“while T8 retained 2.2% N, 0.068% P, and 39.6% K in P. sativum var. arvense L. var. Durga microgreens”
Claim · model-written summary
Substrate T8 retained 39.6% K in Pisum microgreens after harvest.
- Taxon
- P. sativum var. arvense L. var. DurgaLathyrus oleraceus var. arvensise6
- Treatment
- T8e6
- Outcome
- Ke6
- Value
- 39.6%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“while T8 retained 2.2% N, 0.068% P, and 39.6% K in P. sativum var. arvense L. var. Durga microgreens”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height was positively correlated with yield in Pennisetum microgreens grown under controlled environments.
- Taxon
- P. glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka BajriCenchrus americanuse7
- Outcome
- plant heighte7
- Direction
- increaseinferrede7
- Value
- r = 0.721e7
- Setting
- controlled environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Phenotypic traits such as plant height ( r = 0.721), root length ( r = 0.657), dry weight ( r = 0.539), and nutrient transport ( r = 0.654) showed positive correlations with yield in P. glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka Bajri microgreens”
e0“in triplicates under controlled environments”
Claim · model-written summary
Root length was positively correlated with yield in Pennisetum microgreens grown under controlled environments.
- Taxon
- P. glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka BajriCenchrus americanuse7
- Outcome
- root lengthe7
- Direction
- increaseinferrede7
- Value
- r = 0.657e7
- Setting
- controlled environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Phenotypic traits such as plant height ( r = 0.721), root length ( r = 0.657), dry weight ( r = 0.539), and nutrient transport ( r = 0.654) showed positive correlations with yield in P. glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka Bajri microgreens”
e0“in triplicates under controlled environments”
Claim · model-written summary
Dry weight was positively correlated with yield in Pennisetum microgreens grown under controlled environments.
- Taxon
- P. glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka BajriCenchrus americanuse7
- Outcome
- dry weighte7
- Direction
- increaseinferrede7
- Value
- r = 0.539e7
- Setting
- controlled environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Phenotypic traits such as plant height ( r = 0.721), root length ( r = 0.657), dry weight ( r = 0.539), and nutrient transport ( r = 0.654) showed positive correlations with yield in P. glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka Bajri microgreens”
e0“in triplicates under controlled environments”
Claim · model-written summary
Nutrient transport was positively correlated with yield in Pennisetum microgreens grown under controlled environments.
- Taxon
- P. glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka BajriCenchrus americanuse7
- Outcome
- nutrient transporte7
- Direction
- increaseinferrede7
- Value
- r = 0.654e7
- Setting
- controlled environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Phenotypic traits such as plant height ( r = 0.721), root length ( r = 0.657), dry weight ( r = 0.539), and nutrient transport ( r = 0.654) showed positive correlations with yield in P. glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka Bajri microgreens”
e0“in triplicates under controlled environments”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot length was positively correlated with yield in Pisum microgreens grown under controlled environments.
- Taxon
- P. sativum var. arvense L. var. DurgaLathyrus oleraceus var. arvensise2
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- r = 0.535e2
- Setting
- controlled environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“In P. sativum var. arvense L. var. Durga microgreens, traits like shoot length ( r = 0.535), leaf area ( r = 0.665), and germination ( r = 0.931) were positively correlated with yield”
e0“in triplicates under controlled environments”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area was positively correlated with yield in Pisum microgreens grown under controlled environments.
- Taxon
- P. sativum var. arvense L. var. DurgaLathyrus oleraceus var. arvensise2
- Outcome
- leaf areae2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- r = 0.665e2
- Setting
- controlled environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“In P. sativum var. arvense L. var. Durga microgreens, traits like shoot length ( r = 0.535), leaf area ( r = 0.665), and germination ( r = 0.931) were positively correlated with yield”
e0“in triplicates under controlled environments”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination was positively correlated with yield in Pisum microgreens grown under controlled environments.
- Taxon
- P. sativum var. arvense L. var. DurgaLathyrus oleraceus var. arvensise2
- Outcome
- germinatione2
- Direction
- increaseinferrede2
- Value
- r = 0.931e2
- Setting
- controlled environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“In P. sativum var. arvense L. var. Durga microgreens, traits like shoot length ( r = 0.535), leaf area ( r = 0.665), and germination ( r = 0.931) were positively correlated with yield”
e0“in triplicates under controlled environments”
Claim · model-written summary
Substrates T5, T3, T8, T1 and T6 enhanced phenotypic and metabolic processes in Pennisetum microgreens.
- Taxon
- P. glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka BajriCenchrus americanuse3
- Treatment
- T5, T3, T8, T1, and T6e3
- Outcome
- Phenotypic and metabolic processese3
- Direction
- enhancede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Phenotypic and metabolic processes in P. glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka Bajri microgreens were enhanced by T5, T3, T8, T1, and T6”
Claim · model-written summary
Cocopeat with clayey-loam soil (T0, T1, T8 and T4) promoted biological and physiological growth of Pisum microgreens.
- Taxon
- P. sativum var. arvense L. var. DurgaLathyrus oleraceus var. arvensise4
- Treatment
- cocopeat + clayey‐loam soil (T0, T1, T8, and T4)e4
- Outcome
- biological and physiological growthe4
- Direction
- promotede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In P. sativum var. arvense L. var. Durga microgreens, cocopeat + clayey‐loam soil (T0, T1, T8, and T4) promoted high biological and physiological growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Pennisetum microgreens showed high trait diversity, with PC1 of 6.95.
- Taxon
- Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka BajriCenchrus americanuse5
- Outcome
- high diversitye5
- Value
- 6.95e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br. var. Rijka Bajri microgreens showed high diversity with PC1 (6.95), PC2 (3.22), and PC3 (1.79)”
The same questions in other papers
growing medium · growth · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
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