Abstract
Plants use CO2 to produce carbohydrates via photosynthesis. A number of studies have focused on the high CO2 response of plants, whereas little is known about the low CO2 response of plants. Considering that phytohormones regulate responses to various environmental stresses, we hypothesized that they might also regulate the low CO2 response. In this study, we show that Arabidopsis plants adjust the low CO2 response by inducing salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA). Phytohormone analysis revealed a dramatic increase in SA under low CO2 conditions. Furthermore, the increase in SA was completely abolished in the SA induction-deficient2 mutant, indicating that SA is primarily synthesized via isochorismate synthase under low CO2 conditions. The level of ABA also increased under low CO2 conditions. Consistent with these observations, the expression of genes involved in SA and ABA accumulation was altered in response to low CO2 concentrations. Gene expression analysis indicated that the expression of SA- and ABA-responsive genes increased under low CO2 conditions, although the SA response of Pathogenesis-Related genes was compromised. Under low CO2 conditions, it became evident that the expression of programmed cell death-associated genes was altered, and that of photosynthesis-associated genes was suppressed. The responses of these genes were further manifested when plants accumulated high levels of SA. Taken together, we suggest that plants increase their levels of SA and ABA in response to low CO2 environments. Furthermore, the increase in SA appears to be associated with the suppression of non-essential genes and the alteration of cell death-associated genes.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Low CO2 induced salicylic acid in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Treatment
- low CO2e0
- Outcome
- salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Direction
- inducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis plants adjust the low CO2 response by inducing salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA).”
Claim · model-written summary
Low CO2 induced abscisic acid in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- low CO2e0
- Outcome
- abscisic acid (ABA)e0
- Direction
- inducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Arabidopsis plants adjust the low CO2 response by inducing salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA).”
Claim · model-written summary
Low CO2 dramatically increased SA.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Treatment
- low CO2e0
- Outcome
- SAe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytohormone analysis revealed a dramatic increase in SA under low CO2 conditions.”
e1“Arabidopsis plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SA induction was abolished in the SA induction-deficient2 mutant.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Material
- SA induction-deficient2 mutante0
- Outcome
- increase in SAe0
- Direction
- completely abolishede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the increase in SA was completely abolished in the SA induction-deficient2 mutant”
e1“Arabidopsis plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The SA mutant result indicates SA is primarily synthesized by isochorismate synthase under low CO2.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Gene
- isochorismate synthasee0
- Outcome
- SA is primarily synthesizede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“indicating that SA is primarily synthesized via isochorismate synthase under low CO2 conditions.”
e1“Arabidopsis plants”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA level increased under low CO2.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Treatment
- low CO2e0
- Outcome
- level of ABAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The level of ABA also increased under low CO2 conditions.”
e1“Arabidopsis plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Low CO2 altered expression of genes involved in SA and ABA accumulation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Outcome
- expression of genes involved in SA and ABA accumulatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the expression of genes involved in SA and ABA accumulation was altered in response to low CO2 concentrations.”
e1“Arabidopsis plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Low CO2 increased expression of SA- and ABA-responsive genes.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Treatment
- low CO2e0
- Outcome
- expression of SA- and ABA-responsive genese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the expression of SA- and ABA-responsive genes increased under low CO2 conditions”
e1“Arabidopsis plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The SA response of Pathogenesis-Related genes was compromised under low CO2.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise2
- Gene
- Pathogenesis-Related genese0
- Outcome
- SA response of Pathogenesis-Related genese0
- Direction
- compromisede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the SA response of Pathogenesis-Related genes was compromised.”
e1“under low CO2 conditions, although the SA response of Pathogenesis-Related genes was compromised.”
e2“Arabidopsis plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Low CO2 altered programmed cell death-associated gene expression.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Outcome
- expression of programmed cell death-associated genese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under low CO2 conditions, it became evident that the expression of programmed cell death-associated genes was altered”
e1“Arabidopsis plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Low CO2 suppressed photosynthesis-associated gene expression.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise2
- Treatment
- low CO2e1
- Outcome
- photosynthesis-associated genese1
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of photosynthesis-associated genes was suppressed.”
e1“Under low CO2 conditions, it became evident that the expression of programmed cell death-associated genes was altered, and that of photosynthesis-associated genes was suppressed.”
e2“Arabidopsis plants”
Claim · model-written summary
High SA accumulation further manifested the gene responses.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Outcome
- responses of these genese0
- Qualifier
- high levels of SAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The responses of these genes were further manifested when plants accumulated high levels of SA.”
e1“Arabidopsis plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SA increase appears associated with suppression of nonessential genes and altered cell-death genes.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- suppression of non-essential genes and the alteration of cell death-associated genese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the increase in SA appears to be associated with the suppression of non-essential genes and the alteration of cell death-associated genes.”
e1“Arabidopsis plants”