Abstract
The remediation of lead (Pb)-contaminated soils through eco-friendly strategies is critical for sustainable agriculture. This study investigated the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in enhancing maize tolerance to Pb stress and modulating rhizosphere microbial communities. A pot experiment was conducted with maize (Baiyu833) under four Pb concentrations (0, 900, 1800, 2700 mg·kg−1) and three AMF treatments: non-inoculation (Non), Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), or Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri). The results demonstrated that AMF inoculation significantly increased plant biomass, boosted antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD), and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, mitigating Pb-induced oxidative stress. AMF restricted Pb translocation to aerial parts, with root Pb accumulation reaching 2110.76 mg·kg−1 (Fm) and 2090.56 mg·kg−1 (Ri) under Pb2700, enhancing phytostabilization. High-throughput sequencing revealed that AMF inoculation enriched α-diversity indices and restructured bacterial communities, favoring beneficial taxa like Promicromonospora, which are linked to heavy metal resistance and plant growth promotion. Principal coordinate analysis highlighted distinct clustering of microbial communities driven by AMF, emphasizing their role in alleviating Pb toxicity. These findings underscore that AMF enhance maize resilience to Pb by regulating antioxidant defense, immobilizing Pb in roots, and recruiting stress-tolerant rhizosphere microbiomes. This study provides insights into AMF-assisted phytoremediation as a sustainable strategy for Pb-contaminated soils.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation significantly increased maize plant biomass.
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- plant biomasse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- non-inoculation (Non)e0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Mitigate Lead Toxicity in Maize by Restructuring Rhizosphere Microbiome and Enhancing Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms”
e0“A pot experiment was conducted with maize (Baiyu833) under four Pb concentrations (0, 900, 1800, 2700 mg·kg−1) and three AMF treatments: non-inoculation (Non), Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), or Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri)”
e1“AMF inoculation significantly increased plant biomass, boosted antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD), and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, mitigating Pb-induced oxidative stress”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation boosted maize antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD).
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD)e1
- Direction
- boostede1
- Comparator
- non-inoculation (Non)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Mitigate Lead Toxicity in Maize by Restructuring Rhizosphere Microbiome and Enhancing Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms”
e0“A pot experiment was conducted with maize (Baiyu833) under four Pb concentrations (0, 900, 1800, 2700 mg·kg−1) and three AMF treatments: non-inoculation (Non), Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), or Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri)”
e1“AMF inoculation significantly increased plant biomass, boosted antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD), and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, mitigating Pb-induced oxidative stress”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in maize under Pb stress.
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) levelse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- Pb-induced oxidative stresse1
- Comparator
- non-inoculation (Non)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Mitigate Lead Toxicity in Maize by Restructuring Rhizosphere Microbiome and Enhancing Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms”
e0“A pot experiment was conducted with maize (Baiyu833) under four Pb concentrations (0, 900, 1800, 2700 mg·kg−1) and three AMF treatments: non-inoculation (Non), Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), or Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri)”
e1“AMF inoculation significantly increased plant biomass, boosted antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD), and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, mitigating Pb-induced oxidative stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Root Pb accumulation in maize under Pb2700 reached 2110.76 mg·kg−1 with Funneliformis mosseae.
- Organ / stage
- roote2
- Treatment
- Pb2700e2
- Interactor
- Funneliformis mosseae
Funneliformis mosseaee0symbiont - Outcome
- root Pb accumulatione2
- Value
- 2110.76 mg·kg−1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Mitigate Lead Toxicity in Maize by Restructuring Rhizosphere Microbiome and Enhancing Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms”
e0“A pot experiment was conducted with maize (Baiyu833) under four Pb concentrations (0, 900, 1800, 2700 mg·kg−1) and three AMF treatments: non-inoculation (Non), Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), or Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri)”
e2“with root Pb accumulation reaching 2110.76 mg·kg−1 (Fm) and 2090.56 mg·kg−1 (Ri) under Pb2700”
Claim · model-written summary
Root Pb accumulation in maize under Pb2700 reached 2090.56 mg·kg−1 with Rhizophagus intraradices.
- Organ / stage
- roote2
- Treatment
- Pb2700e2
- Interactor
- Rhizophagus intraradicesRhizophagus intraradicese0symbiont
- Outcome
- root Pb accumulatione2
- Value
- 2090.56 mg·kg−1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Mitigate Lead Toxicity in Maize by Restructuring Rhizosphere Microbiome and Enhancing Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms”
e0“A pot experiment was conducted with maize (Baiyu833) under four Pb concentrations (0, 900, 1800, 2700 mg·kg−1) and three AMF treatments: non-inoculation (Non), Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), or Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri)”
e2“with root Pb accumulation reaching 2110.76 mg·kg−1 (Fm) and 2090.56 mg·kg−1 (Ri) under Pb2700”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF restricted Pb translocation from roots to aerial parts of maize.
- Treatment
- AMFe3
- Interactor
- AMFe3symbiont
- Outcome
- Pb translocation to aerial partse3
- Direction
- restrictede3
- Comparator
- non-inoculation (Non)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Mitigate Lead Toxicity in Maize by Restructuring Rhizosphere Microbiome and Enhancing Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms”
e0“A pot experiment was conducted with maize (Baiyu833) under four Pb concentrations (0, 900, 1800, 2700 mg·kg−1) and three AMF treatments: non-inoculation (Non), Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), or Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri)”
e3“AMF restricted Pb translocation to aerial parts”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation enriched alpha-diversity indices of maize rhizosphere bacteria.
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione4
- Outcome
- α-diversity indicese4
- Direction
- enrichede4
- Comparator
- non-inoculation (Non)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Mitigate Lead Toxicity in Maize by Restructuring Rhizosphere Microbiome and Enhancing Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms”
e0“A pot experiment was conducted with maize (Baiyu833) under four Pb concentrations (0, 900, 1800, 2700 mg·kg−1) and three AMF treatments: non-inoculation (Non), Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), or Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri)”
e4“AMF inoculation enriched α-diversity indices and restructured bacterial communities”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation restructured rhizosphere bacterial communities of maize.
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione4
- Outcome
- bacterial communitiese4
- Direction
- restructurede4
- Comparator
- non-inoculation (Non)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Mitigate Lead Toxicity in Maize by Restructuring Rhizosphere Microbiome and Enhancing Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms”
e0“A pot experiment was conducted with maize (Baiyu833) under four Pb concentrations (0, 900, 1800, 2700 mg·kg−1) and three AMF treatments: non-inoculation (Non), Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), or Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri)”
e4“AMF inoculation enriched α-diversity indices and restructured bacterial communities”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation favoured beneficial bacterial taxa such as Promicromonospora in maize rhizosphere.
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione4
- Outcome
- beneficial taxa like Promicromonosporae5
- Direction
- favoringe5
- Comparator
- non-inoculation (Non)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Mitigate Lead Toxicity in Maize by Restructuring Rhizosphere Microbiome and Enhancing Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms”
e0“A pot experiment was conducted with maize (Baiyu833) under four Pb concentrations (0, 900, 1800, 2700 mg·kg−1) and three AMF treatments: non-inoculation (Non), Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), or Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri)”
e4“AMF inoculation enriched α-diversity indices and restructured bacterial communities”
e5“favoring beneficial taxa like Promicromonospora, which are linked to heavy metal resistance and plant growth promotion”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF drove distinct clustering of maize rhizosphere microbial communities.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Mitigate Lead Toxicity in Maize by Restructuring Rhizosphere Microbiome and Enhancing Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms”
e6“Principal coordinate analysis highlighted distinct clustering of microbial communities driven by AMF”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF enhance maize resilience to Pb by regulating antioxidant defence, immobilizing Pb in roots and recruiting stress-tolerant rhizosphere microbiomes.
- Interactor
- AMFe7symbiont
- Outcome
- resilience to Pbe7
- Qualifier
- regulating antioxidant defense, immobilizing Pb in roots, and recruiting stress-tolerant rhizosphere microbiomese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Mitigate Lead Toxicity in Maize by Restructuring Rhizosphere Microbiome and Enhancing Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms”
e7“These findings underscore that AMF enhance maize resilience to Pb by regulating antioxidant defense, immobilizing Pb in roots, and recruiting stress-tolerant rhizosphere microbiomes”
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