Abstract
Despite their effectiveness in eliminating weeds, herbicides can indirectly and directly affect organisms, leading to a decline in species abundance as well as disruptions to the structure and functioning of ecosystems. Boxer 800 EC, whose active ingredient is prosulfocarb, is an active herbicide commonly used for weed control, but its potential ecological risks are not well understood. With this in mind, a study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of sodium alginate and sodium polyacrylate in restoring homeostasis to soil exposed to Boxer 800 EC herbicide. This involved a two-factor pot experiment: factor I—herbicide dose (0.0, 0.8, 4.8, and 48.0 mg kg−1 d.m.); factor II—polymer type (soil with the polymer additives sodium alginate, and sodium polyacrylate). The experiment was carried out on Eutric Cambisols with four replicates and lasted for 50 days. The test plant was Triticum aestivum L., cultivar “KWS Dorium C1”. The contaminant herbicide doses inhibited the proliferation of organotrophic bacteria and actinobacteria and reduced the colony development index (CD) and ecophysiological diversity index (EP) values for these microorganisms. The addition of sodium alginate to the soil increased the proliferation of these microorganisms, whereas sodium polyacrylate inhibited their development. Sodium alginate also increased the colony development index value of organotrophic bacteria and actinobacteria. Across all the analyzed factors, bacteria from the phylum Proteobacteriota dominated. However, the presence of herbicides and polymers changed the abundance of these bacteria. Bacteria of the genus Sphingomonas were the most prevalent genus in the samples. The herbicide Boxer 800 EC exerted a toxic effect on the growth and development of spring wheat, which was reflected in the plant biomass yield (shoot and ear) and the SPAD index. The recommended herbicide dose (0.80 mg kg−1) did not cause significant changes in the growth and development of spring wheat. The hydrogel control additives deepened the negative effect of the herbicide on plant development. While the herbicide significantly reduced the levels of available carbon and total nitrogen in the soil, the polymers increased these parameters.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
The contaminant herbicide doses inhibited the proliferation of organotrophic bacteria and actinobacteria in the soil.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.
Triticum aestivumt1 - Treatment
- contaminant herbicide dosese1
- Interactor
- organotrophic bacteria and actinobacteriae1other
- Outcome
- proliferation of organotrophic bacteria and actinobacteriae1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Triticum aestivum L.”
e1“The contaminant herbicide doses inhibited the proliferation of organotrophic bacteria and actinobacteria and reduced the colony development index (CD) and ecophysiological diversity index (EP) values for these microorganisms”
Claim · model-written summary
The contaminant herbicide doses reduced the colony development index and ecophysiological diversity index values of these soil bacteria.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- contaminant herbicide dosese1
- Interactor
- organotrophic bacteria and actinobacteriae1other
- Outcome
- colony development index (CD) and ecophysiological diversity index (EP) valuese1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Triticum aestivum L.”
e1“The contaminant herbicide doses inhibited the proliferation of organotrophic bacteria and actinobacteria and reduced the colony development index (CD) and ecophysiological diversity index (EP) values for these microorganisms”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium alginate increased the proliferation of these soil microorganisms.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- sodium alginatee1
- Outcome
- proliferation of these microorganismse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Triticum aestivum L.”
e1“The addition of sodium alginate to the soil increased the proliferation of these microorganisms”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium polyacrylate inhibited the development of these soil microorganisms.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- sodium polyacrylatee1
- Outcome
- developmente1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Triticum aestivum L.”
e1“whereas sodium polyacrylate inhibited their development”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium alginate increased the colony development index of organotrophic bacteria and actinobacteria.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- Sodium alginatee1
- Interactor
- organotrophic bacteria and actinobacteriae1other
- Outcome
- colony development index value of organotrophic bacteria and actinobacteriae1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Triticum aestivum L.”
e1“Sodium alginate also increased the colony development index value of organotrophic bacteria and actinobacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacteria from the phylum Proteobacteriota dominated across all analyzed factors.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt1
- Interactor
- bacteria from the phylum Proteobacteriotae1other
- Outcome
- bacteria from the phylum Proteobacteriota dominatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Triticum aestivum L.”
e1“Across all the analyzed factors, bacteria from the phylum Proteobacteriota dominated”
Claim · model-written summary
The presence of herbicides and polymers changed the abundance of these soil bacteria.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- presence of herbicides and polymerse2
- Outcome
- abundance of these bacteriae2
- Direction
- changede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Triticum aestivum L.”
e2“However, the presence of herbicides and polymers changed the abundance of these bacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
Sphingomonas was the most prevalent bacterial genus in the samples.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt1
- Interactor
- Sphingomonas
Sphingomonase3other - Outcome
- the most prevalent genuse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Triticum aestivum L.”
e3“Bacteria of the genus Sphingomonas were the most prevalent genus in the samples”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicide Boxer 800 EC decreased spring wheat shoot and ear biomass and the SPAD index.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- Boxer 800 ECe4
- Outcome
- plant biomass yield (shoot and ear) and the SPAD indexe4
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Triticum aestivum L.”
e4“The herbicide Boxer 800 EC exerted a toxic effect on the growth and development of spring wheat, which was reflected in the plant biomass yield (shoot and ear) and the SPAD index”
Claim · model-written summary
The recommended herbicide dose (0.80 mg kg−1) did not cause significant changes in the growth and development of spring wheat.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- recommended herbicide dose (0.80 mg kg−1)e5
- Outcome
- growth and development of spring wheate5
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Triticum aestivum L.”
e5“The recommended herbicide dose (0.80 mg kg−1) did not cause significant changes in the growth and development of spring wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicide significantly reduced the levels of available carbon and total nitrogen in the soil.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- herbicidee6
- Outcome
- levels of available carbon and total nitrogen in the soile6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Triticum aestivum L.”
e6“While the herbicide significantly reduced the levels of available carbon and total nitrogen in the soil, the polymers increased these parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
The polymers increased the levels of available carbon and total nitrogen in the soil.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- the polymerse6
- Outcome
- levels of available carbon and total nitrogene6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Triticum aestivum L.”
e6“While the herbicide significantly reduced the levels of available carbon and total nitrogen in the soil, the polymers increased these parameters”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogel control additives deepened the negative effect of the herbicide on plant development.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum L.Triticum aestivumt1
- Treatment
- hydrogel control additivese7
- Outcome
- plant developmente7
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede7
- Qualifier
- deepened the negative effect of the herbicidee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Triticum aestivum L.”
e7“The hydrogel control additives deepened the negative effect of the herbicide on plant development”
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