Abstract
Injudicious boron (B) supply to correct its deficiency may lead to toxicity and a decline in crop growth and yield. This study was conducted for two consecutive seasons during 2022 and 2023 with the objective to optimize B supply for better grain yield and quality of wheat. Experimental plan comprised three B levels by soil application (control, 2 and 4 kg ha−1), two foliar spray levels (0.2 and 0.4% B solution), and combination of soil plus foliar application making total nine treatments. B was applied as nanoparticles (B-NPs) and boric acid (H3BO3). B nutrition at 2 kg ha−1 B-NPs while 4 kg ha−1 H3BO3 caused highest improvement in growth, yield, physiological, biochemical, and grain quality characteristics. Grain yield was maximally improved by 24.40 and 22.67% with 2 kg ha−1 B-NPs while, 20.18 and 19.0% with 4 kg ha−1 H3BO3 during 2022 and 2023, respectively, compared to the control. B application at higher level, particularly in soil plus foliar pattern caused toxicity as evidenced by an increase of 114.2 and 123.6% in H2O2 while, 89.47 and 93.22% in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration with 4 kg ha−1+0.4% solution of B-NPs during 2022 and 2023, respectively, compared to control. Soil B was fractionated into six functionally active fractions. Of the total soil B, plant available B ranged from 0.59 to 2.48% with B-NPs while, 0.55–1.89% with H3BO3. In conclusion, B application at 2 kg ha−1 B-NPs while, 4 kg ha−1 H3BO3 could be recommended for optimum wheat productivity under alkaline calcareous conditions.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
B-NPs at 2 kg ha−1 gave the greatest growth, yield, physiological, biochemical and grain-quality improvement.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- 2 kg ha−1 B-NPse0
- Outcome
- growth, yield, physiological, biochemical, and grain quality characteristicse0
- Direction
- highest improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B nutrition at 2 kg ha−1 B-NPs while 4 kg ha−1 H3BO3 caused highest improvement in growth, yield, physiological, biochemical, and grain quality characteristics.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
H3BO3 at 4 kg ha−1 gave the greatest growth, yield, physiological, biochemical and grain-quality improvement.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 4 kg ha−1 H3BO3e0
- Outcome
- growth, yield, physiological, biochemical, and grain quality characteristicse0
- Direction
- highest improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B nutrition at 2 kg ha−1 B-NPs while 4 kg ha−1 H3BO3 caused highest improvement in growth, yield, physiological, biochemical, and grain quality characteristics.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
B-NPs at 2 kg ha−1 improved grain yield by 24.40 and 22.67% in 2022 and 2023.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 2 kg ha−1 B-NPse0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 24.40 and 22.67%e0
- Qualifier
- during 2022 and 2023e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield was maximally improved by 24.40 and 22.67% with 2 kg ha−1 B-NPs while, 20.18 and 19.0% with 4 kg ha−1 H3BO3 during 2022 and 2023, respectively, compared to the control.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
H3BO3 at 4 kg ha−1 improved grain yield by 20.18 and 19.0% in 2022 and 2023.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 4 kg ha−1 H3BO3e0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 20.18 and 19.0%e0
- Qualifier
- during 2022 and 2023e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grain yield was maximally improved by 24.40 and 22.67% with 2 kg ha−1 B-NPs while, 20.18 and 19.0% with 4 kg ha−1 H3BO3 during 2022 and 2023, respectively, compared to the control.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined soil and foliar B-NPs at the high dose increased H2O2 by 114.2 and 123.6% across two seasons.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 4 kg ha−1+0.4% solution of B-NPse0
- Outcome
- H2O2e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 114.2 and 123.6%e0
- Qualifier
- during 2022 and 2023e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase of 114.2 and 123.6% in H2O2 while, 89.47 and 93.22% in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration with 4 kg ha−1+0.4% solution of B-NPs during 2022 and 2023, respectively, compared to control.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined soil and foliar B-NPs at the high dose increased MDA by 89.47 and 93.22% across two seasons.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 4 kg ha−1+0.4% solution of B-NPse0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) concentratione0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 89.47 and 93.22%e0
- Qualifier
- during 2022 and 2023e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase of 114.2 and 123.6% in H2O2 while, 89.47 and 93.22% in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration with 4 kg ha−1+0.4% solution of B-NPs during 2022 and 2023, respectively, compared to control.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant-available soil B ranged from 0.59 to 2.48% under B-NPs.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- B-NPse0
- Outcome
- plant available Be0
- Direction
- ranged frome0
- Value
- 0.59 to 2.48%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Of the total soil B, plant available B ranged from 0.59 to 2.48% with B-NPs while, 0.55–1.89% with H3BO3.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant-available soil B ranged from 0.55–1.89% under H3BO3.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- H3BO3e0
- Outcome
- plant available Be0
- Direction
- ranged frome0
- Value
- 0.55–1.89%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Of the total soil B, plant available B ranged from 0.59 to 2.48% with B-NPs while, 0.55–1.89% with H3BO3.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 2 kg ha−1 B-NPs for optimum wheat productivity under alkaline calcareous conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- 2 kg ha−1 B-NPse0
- Qualifier
- under alkaline calcareous conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B application at 2 kg ha−1 B-NPs while, 4 kg ha−1 H3BO3 could be recommended for optimum wheat productivity under alkaline calcareous conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 4 kg ha−1 H3BO3 for optimum wheat productivity under alkaline calcareous conditions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- 4 kg ha−1 H3BO3e0
- Qualifier
- under alkaline calcareous conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B application at 2 kg ha−1 B-NPs while, 4 kg ha−1 H3BO3 could be recommended for optimum wheat productivity under alkaline calcareous conditions.”
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