Abstract
Sustained low temperatures can prevent white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) from overwintering and regreening, making it difficult to revive the plants in the spring. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widely known for their ability to enhance host stress tolerance. It is unclear whether AMF can enhance the low-temperature tolerance of white clover, which is associated with polyamines. The purpose of this study was to examine how inoculating white clover with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae affected the biomass, leaf chlorophyll and gas exchange, levels of root polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine), activities of key polyamine-related enzymes, and the expression level of the S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase ( TrSAMDC1 ) gene at low temperatures (4°C for four days). The low-temperature treatment inhibited the root mycorrhizal colonization rate. Mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased shoot, root, and total biomass, with greater increases found at optimal temperatures (22°C/18°C, 16 h/8 h, day/night temperature) than at low temperatures. Similarly, AMF inoculation significantly improved leaf gas exchange parameters, with larger increases observed at optimal temperatures than at low temperatures. Low temperatures caused a considerable increase in putrescine and spermidine levels, while simultaneously decreasing spermine levels. Mycorrhizal inoculation elevated putrescine, spermidine, and spermine levels regardless of temperature conditions, along with a significant rise in the (spermidine+spermine)/putrescine ratio. Mycorrhizal plants also exhibited considerably increased activities of arginine decarboxylase and polyamine oxidase, but not ornithine decarboxylase, in response to low temperatures. Mycorrhizal inoculation, together with low temperatures, elevated TrSAMDC1 expression. The observed alterations in mycorrhiza-mediated polyamines were primarily attributed to increased arginine decarboxylase activity and TrSAMDC1 expression. This study demonstrated the role of mycorrhizal fungi in modulating polyamine metabolism and enhancing plant tolerance to low-temperature stress.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Funneliformis mosseae inoculation significantly increased shoot, root and total biomass of white clover, with greater increases at optimal than at low temperatures.
- Taxon
- white clover
Trifolium repense0 - Treatment
- Mycorrhizal inoculatione1
- Interactor
- Funneliformis mosseae
Funneliformis mosseaee4symbiont - Outcome
- shoot, root, and total biomasse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- greater increases found at optimal temperaturese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sustained low temperatures can prevent white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) from overwintering and regreening”
e1“Mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased shoot, root, and total biomass”
e2“with greater increases found at optimal temperatures (22°C/18°C, 16 h/8 h, day/night temperature) than at low temperatures”
e4“inoculating white clover with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation significantly improved leaf gas exchange parameters of white clover, with larger increases at optimal than at low temperatures.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione3
- Interactor
- Funneliformis mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee4symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf gas exchange parameterse3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Qualifier
- larger increases observed at optimal temperaturese3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sustained low temperatures can prevent white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) from overwintering and regreening”
e3“AMF inoculation significantly improved leaf gas exchange parameters, with larger increases observed at optimal temperatures than at low temperatures”
e4“inoculating white clover with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature increased putrescine and spermidine levels in white clover roots.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Treatment
- Low temperaturese4
- Outcome
- putrescine and spermidine levelse4
- Direction
- increasee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sustained low temperatures can prevent white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) from overwintering and regreening”
e4“Low temperatures caused a considerable increase in putrescine and spermidine levels, while simultaneously decreasing spermine levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature decreased spermine levels in white clover.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Treatment
- Low temperaturese4
- Outcome
- spermine levelse4
- Direction
- decreasinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sustained low temperatures can prevent white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) from overwintering and regreening”
e4“Low temperatures caused a considerable increase in putrescine and spermidine levels, while simultaneously decreasing spermine levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Funneliformis mosseae inoculation elevated putrescine, spermidine and spermine levels in white clover regardless of temperature.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhizal inoculatione5
- Interactor
- Funneliformis mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee4symbiont
- Outcome
- putrescine, spermidine, and spermine levelse5
- Direction
- elevatede5
- Qualifier
- regardless of temperature conditionse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sustained low temperatures can prevent white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) from overwintering and regreening”
e5“Mycorrhizal inoculation elevated putrescine, spermidine, and spermine levels regardless of temperature conditions”
e4“inoculating white clover with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal inoculation significantly raised the (spermidine+spermine)/putrescine ratio in white clover.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhizal inoculatione5
- Outcome
- (spermidine+spermine)/putrescine ratioe6
- Direction
- risee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sustained low temperatures can prevent white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) from overwintering and regreening”
e5“Mycorrhizal inoculation elevated putrescine, spermidine, and spermine levels regardless of temperature conditions”
e6“along with a significant rise in the (spermidine+spermine)/putrescine ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Under low temperature, mycorrhizal white clover showed considerably increased arginine decarboxylase and polyamine oxidase activities.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Treatment
- low temperaturese7
- Interactor
- Funneliformis mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee4symbiont
- Outcome
- activities of arginine decarboxylase and polyamine oxidasee7
- Direction
- considerably increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sustained low temperatures can prevent white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) from overwintering and regreening”
e7“Mycorrhizal plants also exhibited considerably increased activities of arginine decarboxylase and polyamine oxidase, but not ornithine decarboxylase, in response to low temperatures”
e4“inoculating white clover with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae”
Claim · model-written summary
Under low temperature, mycorrhizal white clover showed no increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Treatment
- low temperaturese7
- Interactor
- Funneliformis mosseaeFunneliformis mosseaee4symbiont
- Outcome
- ornithine decarboxylasee7
- Direction
- but note7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sustained low temperatures can prevent white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) from overwintering and regreening”
e7“Mycorrhizal plants also exhibited considerably increased activities of arginine decarboxylase and polyamine oxidase, but not ornithine decarboxylase, in response to low temperatures”
e4“inoculating white clover with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal inoculation together with low temperature elevated TrSAMDC1 expression in white clover.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhizal inoculation, together with low temperaturese1
- Gene
- TrSAMDC1e1
- Outcome
- expressione1
- Direction
- elevatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sustained low temperatures can prevent white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) from overwintering and regreening”
e1“Mycorrhizal inoculation, together with low temperatures, elevated TrSAMDC1 expression”
Claim · model-written summary
The mycorrhiza-mediated polyamine changes are attributed mainly to higher arginine decarboxylase activity and TrSAMDC1 expression.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Gene
- TrSAMDC1e1
- Outcome
- mycorrhiza-mediated polyaminese1
- Qualifier
- primarily attributed to increased arginine decarboxylase activitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sustained low temperatures can prevent white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) from overwintering and regreening”
e1“The observed alterations in mycorrhiza-mediated polyamines were primarily attributed to increased arginine decarboxylase activity and TrSAMDC1 expression”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature inhibited root mycorrhizal colonization in white clover.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Treatment
- low-temperature treatmente1
- Outcome
- root mycorrhizal colonization ratee1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sustained low temperatures can prevent white clover ( Trifolium repens L.) from overwintering and regreening”
e1“The low-temperature treatment inhibited the root mycorrhizal colonization rate”
The same questions in other papers
mycorrhiza · Funneliformis mosseae · Trifolium repens (white clover)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
inoculation · Funneliformis mosseae · Trifolium repens (white clover)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.