Abstract
Soil microorganisms play critical roles in mediating soil fertility. Exploring the effect of fertilization on soil microbial communities is of great importance to comprehend the sustainability of agriculture. However, the impacts of the application of different fertilization techniques on soil microbial communities remain ambiguous due to inconsistent findings across studies. In this study, we investigated changes in soil microbial communities under different fertilization techniques (chemical fertilizer (CK), organic fertilizer (OF), Bacillus-amended biofertilizer (BF), and Trichoderma-amended biofertilizer (MF)) and analyzed the link between soil fertility improvement and crop yield increase from a microbial perspective. Compared to the CK treatment, the BF and MF treatments increased corn yields by 16.07% and 12.98%, and soybean yields by 17.48% and 15.32%, respectively. BF tends to increase soil available phosphorus, whereas MF demonstrates a more pronounced enhancement in both available phosphorus and NH4+-N contents. These differential effects were primarily linked to changes in the microbial community. Specifically, BF significantly enriched Bacillus, Rhodanobacter, Massilia, Mortierella, and Tetracladium, while the MF selectively increased the abundances of Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Trichoderma, Penicillium, and Sistotrema. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that biofertilizers enhanced microbial network stability and complexity compared to conventional fertilization techniques. Moreover, structural equation modeling (SEM) confirmed strong and positive relationships between crop yields and the abundances of specific probiotic microorganisms. These findings elucidate the mechanism-specific roles of biofertilizers in agricultural systems and provide novel insights for developing targeted biofertilizer formulations to advance sustainable agricultural practices.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus-amended biofertilizer increased corn yield by 16.07% versus chemical fertilizer.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- BFe0
- Outcome
- corn yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.07%e0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the CK treatment, the BF and MF treatments increased corn yields by 16.07% and 12.98%”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma-amended biofertilizer increased corn yield by 12.98% versus chemical fertilizer.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- MFe0
- Outcome
- corn yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.98%e0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to the CK treatment, the BF and MF treatments increased corn yields by 16.07% and 12.98%”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus-amended biofertilizer increased soybean yield by 17.48% versus chemical fertilizer.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- Bacillus-amended biofertilizer (BF)e2
- Outcome
- soybean yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 17.48%e0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean yields by 17.48% and 15.32%”
e1“Compared to the CK treatment, the BF and MF treatments increased corn yields by 16.07% and 12.98%”
e2“Bacillus-amended biofertilizer (BF)”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma-amended biofertilizer increased soybean yield by 15.32% versus chemical fertilizer.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma-amended biofertilizer (MF)e2
- Outcome
- soybean yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 15.32%e0
- Comparator
- CK treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soybean yields by 17.48% and 15.32%”
e1“Compared to the CK treatment, the BF and MF treatments increased corn yields by 16.07% and 12.98%”
e2“Trichoderma-amended biofertilizer (MF)”
Claim · model-written summary
BF tended to increase soil available phosphorus.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- BFe0
- Outcome
- soil available phosphoruse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BF tends to increase soil available phosphorus”
e1“corn yields”
e2“soybean yields”
Claim · model-written summary
MF enhanced both soil available phosphorus and ammonium nitrogen contents.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- MFe0
- Outcome
- available phosphorus and NH4+-N contentse0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MF demonstrates a more pronounced enhancement in both available phosphorus and NH4+-N contents”
e1“corn yields”
Claim · model-written summary
BF significantly enriched Bacillus, Rhodanobacter and Massilia.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- BFe0
- Outcome
- Bacillus, Rhodanobacter, Massiliae0
- Direction
- enrichede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BF significantly enriched Bacillus, Rhodanobacter, Massilia, Mortierella, and Tetracladium”
e1“corn yields”
Claim · model-written summary
BF significantly enriched Mortierella and Tetracladium.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- BFe0
- Outcome
- Mortierella, and Tetracladiume0
- Direction
- enrichede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BF significantly enriched Bacillus, Rhodanobacter, Massilia, Mortierella, and Tetracladium”
e1“corn yields”
Claim · model-written summary
MF increased Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Trichoderma and Penicillium abundances.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- MFe0
- Outcome
- abundances of Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Trichoderma, Penicilliume0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MF selectively increased the abundances of Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Trichoderma, Penicillium, and Sistotrema”
e1“corn yields”
Claim · model-written summary
MF increased Sistotrema abundance.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- MFe0
- Outcome
- Sistotremae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MF selectively increased the abundances of Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Trichoderma, Penicillium, and Sistotrema”
e1“corn yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilizers enhanced microbial network stability and complexity versus conventional fertilization.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- biofertilizerse0
- Outcome
- microbial network stability and complexitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- conventional fertilization techniquese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biofertilizers enhanced microbial network stability and complexity compared to conventional fertilization techniques”
e1“corn yields”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop yields were positively associated with abundances of specific probiotic microorganisms in structural equation modeling.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Interactor
- specific probiotic microorganismse0symbiont
- Outcome
- crop yieldse0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“structural equation modeling (SEM) confirmed strong and positive relationships between crop yields and the abundances of specific probiotic microorganisms”
e1“corn yields”
e2“soybean yields”
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