Abstract
Background: The tolerance and productivity of soybeans under the current climate change conditions can be increased by providing these crops with the necessary macro- and microelements. This can be achieved using effective Bradyrhizobium strains for seed inoculation and adding chelated trace elements. Methods: Soybean Bradyrhizobium japonicum symbioses were cultivated by adding chelates of trace elements, such as iron (Fe), germanium (Ge), and molybdenum (Mo), to the culture medium, after which microbiological and biochemical analyses were performed. Results: The addition of chelated forms of Fe or Ge to the Bradyrhizobium culture medium promoted a change in the pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance in soybean nodules under different water supply conditions. This is due to the production of hydrogen peroxide in the nodules (an increase of 12.9%), as well as a twofold increase in the ascorbate peroxidase activity and a decrease in the levels of superoxide dismutase (by 40%) and catalase (by 50%) under water stress. Stimulation of nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybeans (by 40.1 and 73.0%) and an increase in grain productivity (by 47.5 and 58%) were observed when using Bradyrhizobium inoculant containing Fe or Ge chelates. The inoculation of soybeans with Bradyrhizobium modified using Mo chelate causes similar changes in antioxidant processes as Fe or Ge chelates, but the soybean symbiotic capacity decreases under water stress. Conclusion: Chelated forms of Fe or Ge as additional components in the Bradyrhizobium culture medium are effective in regulating the antioxidant status of soybeans under drought conditions and can simultaneously contribute to increased nitrogen fixation and grain productivity. These findings are important in expanding the current technologies used to grow this legume in risky farming areas caused by climate change.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Fe or Ge chelates changed soybean nodule pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- chelated forms of Fe or Gee0
- Interactor
- Bradyrhizobium
Bradyrhizobiume0symbiont - Outcome
- pro-oxidant-antioxidant balancee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of chelated forms of Fe or Ge to the Bradyrhizobium culture medium promoted a change in the pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance in soybean nodules under different water supply conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Nodule hydrogen peroxide production increased 12.9%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- production of hydrogen peroxide in the nodulese0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 12.9%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“production of hydrogen peroxide in the nodules (an increase of 12.9%)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Nodule ascorbate peroxidase activity doubled under water stress.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- twofolde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a twofold increase in the ascorbate peroxidase activity”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Superoxide dismutase decreased by 40% under water stress.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- levels of superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 40%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a decrease in the levels of superoxide dismutase (by 40%)”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Catalase decreased by 50% under water stress.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Qualifier
- under water stresse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“catalase (by 50%) under water stress”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Bradyrhizobium inoculant with Fe or Ge chelates stimulated soybean nodulation by 40.1%.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Bradyrhizobium inoculant containing Fe or Ge chelatese0
- Interactor
- BradyrhizobiumBradyrhizobiume0symbiont
- Outcome
- nodulatione0
- Direction
- Stimulatione0
- Value
- 40.1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stimulation of nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybeans (by 40.1 and 73.0%) and an increase in grain productivity (by 47.5 and 58%) were observed when using Bradyrhizobium inoculant containing Fe or Ge chelates”
Claim · model-written summary
Bradyrhizobium inoculant with Fe or Ge chelates stimulated nitrogen fixation by 73.0%.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Bradyrhizobium inoculant containing Fe or Ge chelatese0
- Interactor
- BradyrhizobiumBradyrhizobiume0symbiont
- Outcome
- nitrogen fixatione0
- Direction
- Stimulatione0
- Value
- 73.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stimulation of nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybeans (by 40.1 and 73.0%) and an increase in grain productivity (by 47.5 and 58%) were observed when using Bradyrhizobium inoculant containing Fe or Ge chelates”
Claim · model-written summary
Bradyrhizobium inoculant with Fe or Ge chelates increased soybean grain productivity by 47.5 and 58%.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Bradyrhizobium inoculant containing Fe or Ge chelatese0
- Interactor
- BradyrhizobiumBradyrhizobiume0symbiont
- Outcome
- grain productivitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 47.5 and 58%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase in grain productivity (by 47.5 and 58%) were observed when using Bradyrhizobium inoculant containing Fe or Ge chelates”
t0“Soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Mo chelate modified Bradyrhizobium produced similar antioxidant changes but reduced soybean symbiotic capacity under water stress.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Bradyrhizobium modified using Mo chelatee0
- Interactor
- BradyrhizobiumBradyrhizobiume0symbiont
- Outcome
- soybean symbiotic capacitye0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Qualifier
- under water stresse0
- Comparator
- Fe or Ge chelatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The inoculation of soybeans with Bradyrhizobium modified using Mo chelate causes similar changes in antioxidant processes as Fe or Ge chelates, but the soybean symbiotic capacity decreases under water stress”
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