Abstract
Salinity is a major abiotic stress that impairs plant growth and limits agricultural productivity. This study investigated the potential of rosemary essential oil-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (REO CSNPs) to alleviate the detrimental effects of salt stress in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design with three replications. Lettuce plants were exposed to varying salinity levels and treated with REO CSNPs, chitosan nanoparticles, or rosemary essential oil. Salinity stress significantly reduced root and shoot biomass, chlorophyll content, and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, while increasing levels of oxidative markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). In contrast, foliar application of REO CSNPs, particularly at 500 ppm, effectively improved plant growth and physiological status. This treatment enhanced nutrient accumulation, osmoprotectants (proline and soluble carbohydrates), and secondary metabolites (phenolics and flavonoids), and it significantly boosted the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX). Moreover, it reduced MDA and H₂O₂ levels, indicating decreased oxidative damage. In summary, these findings underscore the potential of REO CSNPs as a sustainable biostimulant in saline environments and pave the way for future research into nanobiotechnology-based strategies to enhance crop resilience under abiotic stress conditions.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced lettuce root and shoot biomass.
- Taxon
- lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)
Lactuca sativae1 - Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- root and shoot biomasse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress significantly reduced root and shoot biomass, chlorophyll content, and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, while increasing levels of oxidative markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂).”
e1“salt stress in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced lettuce chlorophyll content.
- Taxon
- lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)Lactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress significantly reduced root and shoot biomass, chlorophyll content, and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, while increasing levels of oxidative markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂).”
e1“salt stress in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity reduced lettuce uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
- Taxon
- lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)Lactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassiume0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress significantly reduced root and shoot biomass, chlorophyll content, and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, while increasing levels of oxidative markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂).”
e1“salt stress in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity increasing lettuce malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂).
- Taxon
- lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)Lactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- Salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress significantly reduced root and shoot biomass, chlorophyll content, and uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, while increasing levels of oxidative markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂).”
e1“salt stress in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar REO CSNPs, especially at 500 ppm, improved lettuce growth and physiological status.
- Taxon
- lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)Lactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- foliar application of REO CSNPs, particularly at 500 ppme0
- Outcome
- plant growth and physiological statuse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In contrast, foliar application of REO CSNPs, particularly at 500 ppm, effectively improved plant growth and physiological status.”
e1“salt stress in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
REO CSNP treatment enhanced lettuce nutrient accumulation.
- Taxon
- lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)Lactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- REO CSNPse2
- Outcome
- nutrient accumulatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment enhanced nutrient accumulation, osmoprotectants (proline and soluble carbohydrates), and secondary metabolites (phenolics and flavonoids), and it significantly boosted the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX).”
e1“salt stress in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)”
e2“foliar application of REO CSNPs, particularly at 500 ppm”
Claim · model-written summary
REO CSNP treatment enhanced lettuce osmoprotectants (proline and soluble carbohydrates).
- Taxon
- lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)Lactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- REO CSNPse2
- Outcome
- osmoprotectants (proline and soluble carbohydrates)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment enhanced nutrient accumulation, osmoprotectants (proline and soluble carbohydrates), and secondary metabolites (phenolics and flavonoids), and it significantly boosted the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX).”
e1“salt stress in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)”
e2“foliar application of REO CSNPs, particularly at 500 ppm”
Claim · model-written summary
REO CSNP treatment enhanced lettuce secondary metabolites (phenolics and flavonoids).
- Taxon
- lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)Lactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- REO CSNPse2
- Outcome
- secondary metabolites (phenolics and flavonoids)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment enhanced nutrient accumulation, osmoprotectants (proline and soluble carbohydrates), and secondary metabolites (phenolics and flavonoids), and it significantly boosted the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX).”
e1“salt stress in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)”
e2“foliar application of REO CSNPs, particularly at 500 ppm”
Claim · model-written summary
REO CSNP treatment boosted lettuce activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX).
- Taxon
- lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)Lactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- REO CSNPse2
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX)e0
- Direction
- boostede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This treatment enhanced nutrient accumulation, osmoprotectants (proline and soluble carbohydrates), and secondary metabolites (phenolics and flavonoids), and it significantly boosted the activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX).”
e1“salt stress in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)”
e2“foliar application of REO CSNPs, particularly at 500 ppm”
Claim · model-written summary
REO CSNP treatment reduced lettuce MDA and H₂O₂ levels.
- Taxon
- lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)Lactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- REO CSNPse2
- Outcome
- MDA and H₂O₂ levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, it reduced MDA and H₂O₂ levels, indicating decreased oxidative damage.”
e1“salt stress in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)”
e2“foliar application of REO CSNPs, particularly at 500 ppm”
Claim · model-written summary
The reduced markers indicated decreased oxidative damage in lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)Lactuca sativae1
- Outcome
- decreased oxidative damagee0
- Qualifier
- reduced MDA and H₂O₂ levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, it reduced MDA and H₂O₂ levels, indicating decreased oxidative damage.”
e1“salt stress in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)”
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