Abstract
Abstract Ziziphus spina-christi is a multipurpose wild tree that has been described as endangered in Nigeria and Saudi Arabia due to anthropogenic activities, seed dormancy, and ineffective vegetative propagation methods. The present study aimed to develop efficient seed germination and micropropagation protocols for conservation of Z. spina-christi . The effects of seed pre-treatments and environmental conditions on seed germination were investigated via conventional germination methods. Removal of the seed coat improved germination from 46.6 (control) to 86.6% after 28 days of sowing. Watering the soil every day resulted in significantly lower germination (53.3%) than watering on alternate days (100%) or every four days (86.6%). The optimal temperature for germination was between 21 and 35 °C (86.6%). In the micropropagation experiments, the highest number of shoots/explant (5) was achieved through node culture when the second node was treated with 2 mg L −1 zeatin. Rhizogenesis was only achieved when the basal cut ends of shoots were dipped in 200 mg L −1 indole-3-butyric acid for one hour, resulting in 80% rooting and 4 roots/shoot. Rooted shoots were acclimatised in a sterile potting mix: vermiculite (1:1) with 100% plantlet survival in the greenhouse. Plantlet regeneration via somatic embryogenesis was unsuccessful as embryo induction with 1 mg L −1 each of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, picloram, indole-3-acetic acid, and naphthalene acetic acid inhibited embryo development on maturation media, attributable to the persistence of exogenous auxins in the tissue. This study provides cost-effective methods for conserving Z. spina-christi through seed propagation and also offers the alternate conservation approach of clonal propagation via node culture.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Seed coat removal raised germination from 46.6 to 86.6% after 28 days.
- Taxon
- Ziziphus spina-christi
Ziziphus spina-christit0 - Treatment
- Removal of the seed coate0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 86.6%e0
- Qualifier
- 46.6e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Removal of the seed coat improved germination from 46.6 (control) to 86.6% after 28 days of sowing.”
t0“Ziziphus spina-christi”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily watering produced 53.3% germination, significantly below alternate-day watering at 100%.
- Taxon
- Ziziphus spina-christiZiziphus spina-christit0
- Treatment
- Watering the soil every daye0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 53.3%e0
- Qualifier
- 100%e0
- Comparator
- watering on alternate dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Watering the soil every day resulted in significantly lower germination (53.3%) than watering on alternate days (100%) or every four days (86.6%).”
t0“Ziziphus spina-christi”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily watering produced 53.3% germination, significantly below watering every four days at 86.6%.
- Taxon
- Ziziphus spina-christiZiziphus spina-christit0
- Treatment
- Watering the soil every daye0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 53.3%e0
- Qualifier
- 86.6%e0
- Comparator
- every four dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Watering the soil every day resulted in significantly lower germination (53.3%) than watering on alternate days (100%) or every four days (86.6%).”
t0“Ziziphus spina-christi”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination was optimal between 21 and 35 °C at 86.6%.
- Taxon
- Ziziphus spina-christiZiziphus spina-christit0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- optimale0
- Value
- 86.6%e0
- Qualifier
- between 21 and 35 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The optimal temperature for germination was between 21 and 35 °C (86.6%).”
t0“Ziziphus spina-christi”
Claim · model-written summary
Second-node culture with 2 mg L −1 zeatin yielded the highest shoots per explant, five.
- Taxon
- Ziziphus spina-christiZiziphus spina-christit0
- Organ / stage
- second nodee0
- Treatment
- treated with 2 mg L −1 zeatine0
- Outcome
- number of shoots/explante0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 5e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest number of shoots/explant (5) was achieved through node culture when the second node was treated with 2 mg L −1 zeatin.”
t0“Ziziphus spina-christi”
Claim · model-written summary
Dipping shoot ends in 200 mg L −1 indole-3-butyric acid for one hour was the only treatment achieving rhizogenesis.
- Taxon
- Ziziphus spina-christiZiziphus spina-christit0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- dipped in 200 mg L −1 indole-3-butyric acid for one houre0
- Outcome
- Rhizogenesise0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizogenesis was only achieved when the basal cut ends of shoots were dipped in 200 mg L −1 indole-3-butyric acid for one hour, resulting in 80% rooting and 4 roots/shoot.”
t0“Ziziphus spina-christi”
Claim · model-written summary
The IBA dip resulted in 80% rooting.
- Taxon
- Ziziphus spina-christiZiziphus spina-christit0
- Treatment
- dipped in 200 mg L −1 indole-3-butyric acid for one houre0
- Outcome
- rootinge0
- Value
- 80%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizogenesis was only achieved when the basal cut ends of shoots were dipped in 200 mg L −1 indole-3-butyric acid for one hour, resulting in 80% rooting and 4 roots/shoot.”
t0“Ziziphus spina-christi”
Claim · model-written summary
The IBA dip resulted in four roots per shoot.
- Taxon
- Ziziphus spina-christiZiziphus spina-christit0
- Treatment
- dipped in 200 mg L −1 indole-3-butyric acid for one houre0
- Outcome
- roots/shoote0
- Value
- 4 roots/shoote0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizogenesis was only achieved when the basal cut ends of shoots were dipped in 200 mg L −1 indole-3-butyric acid for one hour, resulting in 80% rooting and 4 roots/shoot.”
t0“Ziziphus spina-christi”
Claim · model-written summary
Acclimatised rooted shoots had 100% plantlet survival in greenhouse potting mix and vermiculite.
- Taxon
- Ziziphus spina-christiZiziphus spina-christit0
- Treatment
- sterile potting mix: vermiculite (1:1)e0
- Outcome
- plantlet survivale0
- Value
- 100%e0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rooted shoots were acclimatised in a sterile potting mix: vermiculite (1:1) with 100% plantlet survival in the greenhouse.”
t0“Ziziphus spina-christi”
Claim · model-written summary
Somatic embryo induction with four auxins inhibited embryo development and failed to regenerate plantlets.
- Taxon
- Ziziphus spina-christiZiziphus spina-christit0
- Treatment
- embryo induction with 1 mg L −1 each of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, picloram, indole-3-acetic acid, and naphthalene acetic acide0
- Outcome
- embryo developmente0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plantlet regeneration via somatic embryogenesis was unsuccessful as embryo induction with 1 mg L −1 each of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, picloram, indole-3-acetic acid, and naphthalene acetic acid inhibited embryo development on maturation media”
t0“Ziziphus spina-christi”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute inhibited embryo development to persistence of exogenous auxins in tissue.
- Taxon
- Ziziphus spina-christiZiziphus spina-christit0
- Outcome
- embryo developmente0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- persistence of exogenous auxins in the tissuee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inhibited embryo development on maturation media, attributable to the persistence of exogenous auxins in the tissue.”
t0“Ziziphus spina-christi”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.