Abstract
ABSTRACT This study investigated the effects of zinc oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles and two salinity levels on the morphological characteristics and seed fatty acid profiles of two sunflower hybrids (G1601 and Shams). The research aimed to understand the impacts of these treatments/stresses potentially leading to strategies for improving crop resilience in water‐scarce environments, especially considering their potential roles as fertilizers and stress mitigators. This experiment utilized a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement (nanoparticle type, salinity levels, hybrid type, and age) of five treatments (50 and 150 mM salinity, 20 ppm ZnO and Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles, and control samples) with 20 replications. Morphological measurements for the root, leaf, stem, and seed dimensions were taken using a digital caliper. For both hybrids, seed priming with Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles resulted in the highest root dimensions, while 150 mM salinity stress led to the lowest values for these parameters. For both hybrids, the highest and smallest yielded seeds belonged to the control and 150 mM salinity‐stressed plants, respectively. In the G1601 hybrid, salinity stress (50 mM) produced the largest leaves, whereas Fe 2 O 3 in second, third, and sixth week and ZnO nanoparticles in fourth and fifth week resulted in the smallest. In the Shams hybrid, the smallest leaves were recorded for the Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles treated in first to fourth week and the control plants in fifth to seventh week, while the biggest leaves belonged to the control in first to second week and ZnO nanoparticles treated samples in third, fifth, and seventh week. The Shams hybrid seed oil analysis showed linoleic acid as the dominant fatty acid (63.29%–72.98%), followed by oleic acid (15.33%–22.78%). Conversely, the G1601 hybrid seed oil was characterized by oleic acid as the primary fatty acid (46.54%–80.34%), with linoleic acid presented at a lower percentage (8.67%–40.29%). In the Shams hybrid, oleic acid amount significantly increased in all the treated/stressed samples, except for those that were subjected to 50 mM salinity stress. Conversely, linoleic acid amounts decreased in these salinity‐stressed samples. Meanwhile, in the G1601 hybrid, linoleic acid content increased significantly, while oleic acid content decreased in the treated/stressed samples. Additionally, the total percentages of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid amounts changed under these treatments/stresses. The responses of sunflower plants to nanoparticles and salinity stresses were not uniform; they varied based on several factors, including the plant's genetic structure (hybrid type), age, and the specific type of nanoparticle or salinity treatment/stress applied. Developing more tolerant sunflower hybrids requires understanding how different treatments affect fatty acid biosynthesis involved genes and how hybrids respond differently. Therefore, investigations into the effect of various treatments/stresses and expression of involved genes are recommended for future works.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Fe 2 O 3 seed priming produced the highest root dimensions in both hybrids.
- Taxon
- Sunflower
Helianthus annuust0 - Treatment
- seed priming with Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticlese0
- Outcome
- root dimensionse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For both hybrids, seed priming with Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles resulted in the highest root dimensions”
t0“Sunflower Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM salinity produced the lowest root dimensions in both hybrids.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 150 mM salinity stresse0
- Outcome
- root dimensionse1
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“150 mM salinity stress led to the lowest values for these parameters.”
e1“For both hybrids, seed priming with Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles resulted in the highest root dimensions”
t0“Sunflower Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Control plants produced the most seeds in both hybrids.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- controle0
- Outcome
- yielded seedse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For both hybrids, the highest and smallest yielded seeds belonged to the control and 150 mM salinity‐stressed plants, respectively.”
t0“Sunflower Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
150 mM salinity plants produced the fewest seeds in both hybrids.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- 150 mM salinity‐stressede0
- Outcome
- yielded seedse0
- Direction
- smalleste0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For both hybrids, the highest and smallest yielded seeds belonged to the control and 150 mM salinity‐stressed plants, respectively.”
t0“Sunflower Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
In G1601, 50 mM salinity produced the largest leaves.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- G1601e0
- Treatment
- salinity stress (50 mM)e0
- Outcome
- leavese0
- Direction
- largeste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the G1601 hybrid, salinity stress (50 mM) produced the largest leaves”
t0“Sunflower Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
In G1601, Fe 2 O 3 produced the smallest leaves in weeks two, three and six.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- G1601e1
- Treatment
- Fe 2 O 3e0
- Outcome
- leavese1
- Direction
- smalleste0
- Qualifier
- second, third, and sixth weeke0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe 2 O 3 in second, third, and sixth week and ZnO nanoparticles in fourth and fifth week resulted in the smallest.”
e1“In the G1601 hybrid, salinity stress (50 mM) produced the largest leaves”
t0“Sunflower Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
In G1601, ZnO produced the smallest leaves in weeks four and five.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- G1601e1
- Treatment
- ZnO nanoparticlese0
- Outcome
- leavese1
- Direction
- smalleste0
- Qualifier
- fourth and fifth weeke0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fe 2 O 3 in second, third, and sixth week and ZnO nanoparticles in fourth and fifth week resulted in the smallest.”
e1“In the G1601 hybrid, salinity stress (50 mM) produced the largest leaves”
t0“Sunflower Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
In Shams, Fe 2 O 3 produced the smallest leaves in weeks one to four.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- Shamse0
- Treatment
- Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticlese0
- Outcome
- leavese0
- Direction
- smalleste0
- Qualifier
- first to fourth weeke0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the Shams hybrid, the smallest leaves were recorded for the Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles treated in first to fourth week”
t0“Sunflower Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
In Shams, control plants had the smallest leaves in weeks five to seven.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- Shamse1
- Outcome
- leavese0
- Direction
- smalleste1
- Qualifier
- fifth to seventh weeke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the control plants in fifth to seventh week, while the biggest leaves belonged to the control in first to second week”
e1“In the Shams hybrid, the smallest leaves were recorded for the Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles treated in first to fourth week”
t0“Sunflower Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
In Shams, control plants had the biggest leaves in weeks one and two.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- Shamse1
- Outcome
- leavese0
- Direction
- biggeste0
- Qualifier
- first to second weeke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biggest leaves belonged to the control in first to second week”
e1“In the Shams hybrid, the smallest leaves were recorded for the Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles treated in first to fourth week”
t0“Sunflower Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
In Shams, ZnO plants had the biggest leaves in weeks three, five and seven.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- Shamse2
- Treatment
- ZnO nanoparticlese0
- Outcome
- leavese1
- Direction
- biggeste1
- Qualifier
- third, fifth, and seventh weeke0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZnO nanoparticles treated samples in third, fifth, and seventh week.”
e1“while the biggest leaves belonged to the control in first to second week and ZnO nanoparticles treated samples”
e2“In the Shams hybrid, the smallest leaves were recorded for the Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles treated in first to fourth week”
t0“Sunflower Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Linoleic acid dominated Shams seed oil.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- Shamse0
- Outcome
- linoleic acid as the dominant fatty acide0
- Value
- 63.29%–72.98%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Shams hybrid seed oil analysis showed linoleic acid as the dominant fatty acid (63.29%–72.98%)”
t0“Sunflower Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Oleic acid was second most abundant in Shams seed oil.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- Shamse1
- Outcome
- oleic acide0
- Value
- 15.33%–22.78%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by oleic acid (15.33%–22.78%)”
e1“The Shams hybrid seed oil analysis showed linoleic acid as the dominant fatty acid”
t0“Sunflower Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Oleic acid was the primary fatty acid of G1601 seed oil.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- G1601e0
- Outcome
- oleic acid as the primary fatty acide0
- Value
- 46.54%–80.34%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the G1601 hybrid seed oil was characterized by oleic acid as the primary fatty acid (46.54%–80.34%)”
t0“Sunflower Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
G1601 seed oil contained a lower percentage of linoleic acid.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- G1601e1
- Outcome
- linoleic acide0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 8.67%–40.29%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“linoleic acid presented at a lower percentage (8.67%–40.29%)”
e1“the G1601 hybrid seed oil”
t0“Sunflower Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Oleic acid increased in treated Shams samples except under 50 mM salinity.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- Shamse0
- Treatment
- treated/stressed samplese0
- Outcome
- oleic acid amounte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- except for those that were subjected to 50 mM salinity stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the Shams hybrid, oleic acid amount significantly increased in all the treated/stressed samples, except for those that were subjected to 50 mM salinity stress.”
t0“Sunflower Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Linoleic acid decreased in salinity-stressed Shams samples.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- Shamse1
- Treatment
- salinity‐stressede0
- Outcome
- linoleic acid amountse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, linoleic acid amounts decreased in these salinity‐stressed samples.”
e1“In the Shams hybrid, oleic acid amount significantly increased”
t0“Sunflower Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Linoleic acid content significantly increased in treated G1601.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- G1601e0
- Treatment
- treated/stressed samplese0
- Outcome
- linoleic acid contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the G1601 hybrid, linoleic acid content increased significantly, while oleic acid content decreased in the treated/stressed samples.”
t0“Sunflower Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Oleic acid content decreased in treated G1601.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Material
- G1601e0
- Treatment
- treated/stressed samplese0
- Outcome
- oleic acid contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the G1601 hybrid, linoleic acid content increased significantly, while oleic acid content decreased in the treated/stressed samples.”
t0“Sunflower Cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Saturated and unsaturated fatty acid percentages changed under treatments and stresses.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- these treatments/stressese0
- Outcome
- total percentages of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid amountse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total percentages of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid amounts changed under these treatments/stresses.”
t0“Sunflower Cultivars”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.