Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of organic amendment-based integrated nitrogen (N) application on major soil macronutrients, carbon (C) accumulation, crop productivity and N use efficiency (NUE) of different rice-based cropping patterns. This experiment was composed of various organic amendments ((i): control (no organic amendment, application of 100% N from urea); (ii): 25% N from compost + 75% N from urea; (iii): 25% N from cowdung + 75% N from urea; iv: 25% N from vermicompost + 75% N from urea) and rice-based cropping patterns ((i) rice–rice–rice, (ii) rice–fallow–rice–mustard, and (iii) rice–vegetables–rice). Organic amendments and soils (0–20 cm) were collected from farmers’ fields and were analyzed for major nutrients: N and organic C (OC), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulphur (S). Soil OC accumulation potential, system productivity and partial factor productivity of N were also calculated. The results indicate that organic amendment application significantly enhanced soil OC (0.957–1.604%) compared to control (0.916–1.292%), with vermicompost attaining the highest OC content and OC accumulation potential (up to 24.15%), especially in the rice–vegetables–rice pattern. Vermicompost also predominantly increased N (22–62%) and S (51–78%) level in soils, while cowdung significantly amended P levels (155–178%) and contributed steadily to improved K levels in soil. Overall, nutrient improvements and soil fertility were highest under the rice–vegetables–rice system, followed by rice–fallow–mustard–rice and rice–rice–rice. System productivity was maximum in the rice–vegetables–rice pattern (up to 85.7 t ha−1), with remarkable enhancements in NUE when organic amendments were applied. Cowdung and vermicompost both matched or exceeded the performance of chemical fertilizer in these cases. These results demonstrate the advantages of integrated N management and diversified cropping to improve nutrient cycling, soil health and sustainable productivity in rice-based agroecosystems.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Organic amendments significantly increased soil organic carbon versus the control.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- organic amendment applicatione0
- Outcome
- soil OCe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 0.957–1.604%e0
- Qualifier
- 0.916–1.292%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“organic amendment application significantly enhanced soil OC (0.957–1.604%) compared to control (0.916–1.292%)”
e1“of different rice-based cropping patterns”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost produced the highest soil organic carbon and accumulation potential, up to 24.15%, especially in rice–vegetables–rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- OC content and OC accumulation potentiale0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- up to 24.15%e0
- Qualifier
- rice–vegetables–rice patterne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vermicompost attaining the highest OC content and OC accumulation potential (up to 24.15%), especially in the rice–vegetables–rice pattern”
e1“of different rice-based cropping patterns”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost increased soil nitrogen by 22–62%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vermicompost also predominantly increased N (22–62%) and S (51–78%) level in soils”
e1“of different rice-based cropping patterns”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost increased soil sulfur by 51–78%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- S (51–78%) level in soilse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 51–78%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vermicompost also predominantly increased N (22–62%) and S (51–78%) level in soils”
e1“of different rice-based cropping patterns”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowdung increased soil phosphorus by 155–178%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- cowdunge0
- Outcome
- P levelse0
- Value
- 155–178%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cowdung significantly amended P levels (155–178%)”
e1“of different rice-based cropping patterns”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowdung improved soil potassium levels.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- cowdunge0
- Outcome
- K levels in soile0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cowdung significantly amended P levels (155–178%) and contributed steadily to improved K levels in soil”
e1“of different rice-based cropping patterns”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil fertility improvements were greatest under rice–vegetables–rice, followed by rice–fallow–mustard–rice and rice–rice–rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- rice–vegetables–rice systeme0
- Outcome
- nutrient improvements and soil fertilitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- rice–fallow–mustard–rice and rice–rice–ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutrient improvements and soil fertility were highest under the rice–vegetables–rice system, followed by rice–fallow–mustard–rice and rice–rice–rice”
Claim · model-written summary
System productivity peaked at up to 85.7 t ha−1 in rice–vegetables–rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- rice–vegetables–rice patterne0
- Outcome
- System productivitye0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- up to 85.7 t ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“System productivity was maximum in the rice–vegetables–rice pattern (up to 85.7 t ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic amendments enhanced nitrogen use efficiency.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- organic amendmentse0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- enhancementse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“remarkable enhancements in NUE when organic amendments were applied”
e1“of different rice-based cropping patterns”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowdung matched or exceeded chemical fertilizer performance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Cowdunge0
- Outcome
- performancee0
- Direction
- matched or exceedede0
- Comparator
- chemical fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowdung and vermicompost both matched or exceeded the performance of chemical fertilizer”
e1“of different rice-based cropping patterns”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost matched or exceeded chemical fertilizer performance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- performancee0
- Direction
- matched or exceedede0
- Comparator
- chemical fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cowdung and vermicompost both matched or exceeded the performance of chemical fertilizer”
e1“of different rice-based cropping patterns”
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